Welding fumes and lung cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies

• Published in: Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England) Vol. 76; no. 6; pp. 422 - 431
• Main Authors: Honaryar, Manoj Kumar, Lunn, Ruth M, Luce, Danièle, Ahrens, Wolfgang, ’t Mannetje, Andrea, Hansen, Johnni, Bouaoun, Liacine, Loomis, Dana, Byrnes, Graham, Vilahur, Nadia, Stayner, Leslie, Guha, Neela
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BMJ 01.06.2019; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Subjects: Air Pollutants, Occupational - adverse effects; Arc welding; Asbestos; Carcinogens; Case studies; Case-Control Studies; Cohort analysis; Cohort Studies; Epidemiology; Exposure; Fumes; Gas welding; Geographical locations; Health risk assessment; Humans; Life Sciences; Low carbon steels; Lung cancer; Lung Neoplasms - epidemiology; Lung Neoplasms - etiology; Meta-analysis; Occupational exposure; Occupational Exposure - adverse effects; Population studies; Populations; Review; Risk assessment; Santé publique et épidémiologie; Smoking; Stainless steel; Stainless steels; Studies; Tobacco; Tobacco smoking; Welding; Welding - instrumentation; Welding fumes; Welding machines; Italy; lung cancer; welding; stainless steel welding; welding fumes; arc welding; exposure-effect analysis; meta-analysis; gas welding; mild steel welding; meta-regression
• ISSN: 1351-0711; 1470-7926
• DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105447

BackgroundAn estimated 110 million workers are exposed to welding fumes worldwide. Welding fumes are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (group 1), based on sufficient evidence of lung cancer from epidemiological studies.ObjectiveTo conduct a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies on welding or exposure to welding fumes and risk of lung cancer, accounting for confounding by exposure to asbestos and tobacco smoking.MethodsThe literature was searched comprehensively in PubMed, reference lists of relevant publications and additional databases. Overlapping populations were removed. Meta-relative risks (mRRs) were calculated using random effects models. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot, Eggers’s test and Begg’s test.ResultsForty-five studies met the inclusion criteria (20 case-control, 25 cohort/nested case-control), which reduced to 37 when overlapping study populations were removed. For ‘ever’ compared with ‘never’ being a welder or exposed to welding fumes, mRRs and 95% CIs were 1.29 (1.20 to 1.39; I2=26.4%; 22 studies) for cohort studies, 1.87 (1.53 to 2.29; I2=44.1%; 15 studies) for case-control studies and 1.17 (1.04 to 1.38; I2=41.2%) for 8 case-control studies that adjusted for smoking and asbestos exposure. The mRRs were 1.32 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.45; I2=6.3%; 15 studies) among ‘shipyard welders’, 1.44 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.95; I2=35.8%; 3 studies) for ‘mild steel welders’ and 1.38 (95% CI 0.89 to 2.13; I2=68.1%; 5 studies) among ‘stainless steel welders’. Increased risks persisted regardless of time period, geographic location, study design, occupational setting, exposure assessment method and histological subtype.ConclusionsThese results support the conclusion that exposure to welding fumes increases the risk of lung cancer, regardless of the type of steel welded, the welding method (arc vs gas welding) and independent of exposure to asbestos or tobacco smoking.