NORTH AMERICAN ELK BUGLE VOCALIZATIONS: MALE AND FEMALE BUGLE CALL STRUCTURE AND CONTEXT

• Published in: Journal of mammalogy Vol. 87; no. 6; pp. 1072 - 1077
• Main Authors: Feighny, J. A., Williamson, K. E., Clarke, J. A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Provo, UT American Society of Mammalogists 01.12.2006; Brigham Young University, Department of Zoology; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Animal behavior; Animal ethology; Animal vocalization; Biological and medical sciences; bugle call; Bugles; Cervus elaphus; communication; Deer; Elk; Elks; FEATURE ARTICLES; Females; Frequencies; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Herds; Males; Mammalia; Mammalogy; Mating behavior; motivation–structural rules; Mountains; National parks; North American elk; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Sound; Spectrograms; Studies; Vertebrata; wapiti; Whistles; North America; America; Acoustic communication; Context; motivation-structural rules; Animal communication; wapiti; Sound production; Male; Vertebrata; Mammalia; North American elk; Motivation; Cervus elaphus; Female; bugle call; Artiodactyla; Rule; Structure; communication; Ungulata
• ISSN: 0022-2372; 1545-1542
• DOI: 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-079R2.1

Bugle calls of male North American elk (Cervus elaphus) are common sounds during fall in the Canadian and United States Rocky Mountains. In contrast, bugle calls of female elk are rarely heard. We quantified the acoustic structure of elk bugle calls, which is an essential 1st step to understanding of the function of the call. We also investigated whether motivation–structural rules apply to these long-distance calls. We measured male elk bugle calls in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, during autumn of 1998 and 1999 and we measured female elk bugle calls on 2 Colorado elk ranches (private establishments that raise elk for commercial purposes) during spring of 2001 and 2002. All bugle calls had 3 segments: on-glide, whistle, and off-glide. Male bugle calls were longer in duration than female bugle calls (P < 0.01). Bugle calls emitted in aggressive interactions had 4 or 5 low-frequency formants, resulting in harsher, wider bandwidth bugles (P < 0.001) compared to the tonal calls emitted in nonaggressive contexts, which lacked formants. Thus, elk bugle calls appear to conform to motivation–structural rules.