Adalimumab elicits a restricted anti-idiotypic antibody response in autoimmune patients resulting in functional neutralisation

• Published in: Annals of the rheumatic diseases Vol. 72; no. 1; pp. 104 - 109
• Main Authors: van Schouwenburg, Pauline A, van de Stadt, Lotte A, de Jong, Rob N, van Buren, Esther E L, Kruithof, Simone, de Groot, Els, Hart, Margreet, van Ham, S Marieke, Rispens, Theo, Aarden, Lucien, Wolbink, Gerrit Jan, Wouters, Diana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism 01.01.2013; BMJ Publishing Group; BMJ Publishing Group LTD
• Subjects: Adalimumab; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic - blood; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic - immunology; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized - immunology; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized - therapeutic use; Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood; Antibodies, Neutralizing - immunology; Antibody Specificity; Antigen-Antibody Complex - immunology; Antigens; Antirheumatic Agents - immunology; Antirheumatic Agents - therapeutic use; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - blood; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - drug therapy; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - immunology; Binding sites; Biological and medical sciences; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Immunomodulators; Medical sciences; Patients; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Studies; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Autoimmunity; Human; Immunomodulator; Immune response; Antipsoriatic agent; Rheumatology; Adalimumab
• ISSN: 0003-4967; 1468-2060
• DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201445

Objectives Millions of patients worldwide are treated with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. These biological therapeutics can be immunogenic, resulting in anti-drug antibody formation which leads to loss of response. Fully human biological agents, such as the anti-tumour necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) antibody adalimumab, are considered to be weakly immunogenic, but anti-adalimumab antibodies (AAA) were recently detected in more than half of treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) within 28 weeks of treatment. A study was undertaken to determine the mechanism by which AAA lead to loss of response. Methods The specificity of the repertoire of AAA was investigated in a cohort of 50 AAA-positive RA patients. Inhibition experiments using TNFα and patient-derived anti-adalimumab monoclonal antibodies were performed. Results The antibody response against adalimumab is highly restricted: Fab fragments of a single monoclonal antibody specific for the idiotype of adalimumab inhibited 98.65% (25th–75th percentiles: 98.25–99.90) of the total anti-adalimumab reactivity in serum from 50 AAA-positive patients. The anti-adalimumab response was confined to the TNFα binding region of adalimumab, thereby neutralising its therapeutic efficacy. In line with this restricted specificity, small immune complexes were found in the circulation of AAA-forming patients. Conclusions The humoral immune response against adalimumab is highly restricted and limited to the idiotype of the therapeutic antibody. All antibodies result in functional neutralisation of the drug, thereby providing a mechanism by which AAA formation leads to clinical non-response.