Association of rheumatoid arthritis and high sodium intake with major adverse cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional study from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 11; no. 12; p. e056255
• Main Authors: Bae, Jeong-Hyeon, Shin, Min-Young, Kang, Eun Ha, Lee, Yun Jong, Ha, You-Jung
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 20.12.2021; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Age; and major adverse cardiovascular events; Angina pectoris; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - chemically induced; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - epidemiology; Blood pressure; Body mass index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Datasets; dietary sodium; Disease; Family medical history; Heart attacks; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - chemically induced; Nutrition research; Nutrition Surveys; Population; Public Health; Questionnaires; Regression analysis; Retrospective Studies; Rheumatoid arthritis; Risk factors; Salt; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary - adverse effects; Urine; Variables; and major adverse cardiovascular events; rheumatoid arthritis; dietary sodium
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056255

ObjectivesHigh salt intake has a harmful effect on hypertension; however, the association between major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and salt intake is still controversial. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is also characterised by excess cardiovascular risk. However, few studies have investigated the combined role of salt intake and RA in MACE in the general Korean population. Here, we evaluated this relationship among the Korean adult population.DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional.SettingPopulation-based survey in Korea.MethodsThis study was based on the data of the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). The estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24HUNa), a surrogate marker for daily sodium intake, was calculated using the Tanaka equation and was stratified into five groups (<3, 3–3.999, 4–4.999, 5–5.999 and ≥6 g/day). Finally, data from 13 464 adult participants (weighted n=90 425 888) were analysed; all analyses considered a complex sampling design. Multivariable logistic regression for MACE as primary dependent variable was performed and adjusted for potential covariates.ResultsParticipants with MACE had higher 24HUNa levels and RA proportion than those without MACE (p<0.001). The association of MACE with 24HUNa was J-shaped with a gradual increase from about 3 g/day. The highest 24HUNa (≥6 g/day) group was significantly associated with increased prevalence of MACE compared with the reference group (3–3.999 g/day) after adjusting for all associated covariates (OR 6.75, 95% CI 1.421 to 32.039). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, RA (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.283 to 3.264) and the highest 24HUNa group (OR 6.35, 95% CI 1.337 to 30.147) were significantly associated with MACE even after adjusting for baseline covariates.ConclusionsThese nationally representative data suggest that RA and extremely high sodium intake are associated with MACE in the general adult Korean population. Avoiding extremely high salt intake and considering RA as an important risk factor for MACE might help promote public cardiovascular health.