What are common barriers and helpful solutions to colorectal cancer screening? A cross-sectional survey to develop intervention content for a planning support tool

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 12; no. 9; p. e062738
• Main Authors: Kotzur, Marie, Macdonald, Sara, O'Carroll, Ronan E, O'Connor, Rory C, Irvine, Audrey, Steele, Robert J C, Robb, Kathryn A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 05.09.2022; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Aged; Colorectal cancer; Colorectal Neoplasms - diagnosis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Gastrointestinal tumours; Humans; Likert scale; Male; Mass Screening; Medical screening; Middle Aged; Occult Blood; Planning; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; Public Health; Questionnaires; Scotland; SOCIAL MEDICINE; Socioeconomic factors; Scotland; United Kingdom > UK; Gastrointestinal tumours; PUBLIC HEALTH; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; SOCIAL MEDICINE
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062738

ObjectiveColorectal screening using faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) can save lives if the people invited participate. In Scotland, most people intend to complete a FIT but this is not reflected in uptake rates. Planning interventions can bridge this intention-behaviour gap. To develop a tool supporting people willing to do colorectal screening with planning to complete a FIT, this study aimed to identify frequently experienced barriers and solutions to these barriers.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study.SettingParticipants were recruited through the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme to complete a mailed questionnaire.ParticipantsThe study included 2387 participants who had completed a FIT (mean age 65 years, 40% female) and 359 participants who had not completed a FIT but were inclined to do so (mean age 63 years, 39% female).Outcome measuresThe questionnaire assessed frequency of endorsement of colorectal screening barriers and solutions.ResultsParticipants who had not completed a FIT endorsed significantly more barriers than those who had completed a FIT, when demographic, health and behavioural covariates were held constant (F(1,2053)=13.40, p<0.001, partial η2=0.01). Participants who completed a FIT endorsed significantly more solutions than those who did not (U=301 585.50, z=−3.21, p<0.001, r=0.06). This difference became insignificant when covariates were controlled. Participants agreed on the most common barriers and solutions regardless of screening history. Barriers included procrastination, forgetting, fear of the test result, screening anxiety, disgust and low self-efficacy. Solutions included hand-washing, doing the FIT in private, reading the FIT instructions, benefit of early detection, feelings of responsibility, high self-efficacy and seeing oneself as a person who looks after one’s health.ConclusionThis survey identified six barriers and seven solutions as key content to include in the development of a planning tool for colorectal screening using the FIT. Participatory research is required to codesign an engaging and accessible planning tool.