Selection of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis of Wing Dimorphism in English Grain Aphid, Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

• Published in: Journal of economic entomology Vol. 115; no. 1; pp. 313 - 324
• Main Authors: Li, Xiangrui, Li, Xinan, Yan, Weiwei, Coates, Brad, Zhou, Xuguo, Wang, Chao, Haifeng, Gao, Zhang, Yunhui, Zhu, Xun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Entomological Society of America 09.02.2022; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Animals; Aphididae; Aphids; Developmental plasticity; Dimorphism; DNA helicase; Fusion protein; Gene expression; Genes; Genetic aspects; Genotype; Genotypes; Insecticides; Insects; MOLECULAR ENTOMOLOGY; NADH; NADH dehydrogenase; normalization; Phenotypic plasticity; Plasticity; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; reference gene; Ribosomal protein S27a; Ribosomal RNA; rRNA 18S; rRNA 28S; RT-qPCR; Sex Characteristics; Sitobion avenae; Spatial variations; Transcriptomes; Ubiquitin; wing polyphenism; Wings, Animal; China; reference gene; wing polyphenism; normalization; RT-qPCR; Sitobion avenae
• ISSN: 0022-0493; 1938-291X
• DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab214

The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), exhibits classic and dramatic phenotypic plasticity in wing development. Both genetic and environmental inputs contribute to the wing polyphenism in aphids, an extreme form of phenotypic plasticity in which a single genotype produces discrete winged and wingless morphs. Validated reference genes are needed to accurately normalize temporal and spatial variation in gene expression estimates by RT-qPCR. In this research, the stability of 11 candidate reference genes selected from S. avenae transcriptomes was evaluated under an array of abiotic and biotic conditions relevant to wing development. RefFinder, a comprehensive software integrating rankings from delta Ct, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm, offered a series of reference genes for every experimental condition. Overall, helicase (HEL) and ubiquitin ribosomal protein S27A fusion protein (RpS27) are suited for most of the conditions examined in this study, although exceptions do exist. Specifically, NADH dehydrogenase (Ap-NADH) and 28S ribosomal RNA (28S) are recommended for insecticide and antibiotic treatments, while ribosomal RNA L14 (RPL14) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S) are selected for density treatment, respectively. This study provides a suite of reference genes to investigate the wing polyphenism in S. avenae, and is important for application of RT-qPCR in future experiments of novel tactics to control aphids.