Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Deployed Military Personnel After the Implementation of the “Leishmaniasis Control Program” at Tallil Air Base, Iraq

• Published in: Journal of medical entomology Vol. 46; no. 3; pp. 693 - 702
• Main Authors: Schleier, Jerome J. III, Davis, Ryan S, Barber, Loren M, MacEdo, Paula A, Peterson, Robert K.D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 01.05.2009
• Subjects: acute toxicity; Animals; disease control programs; environmental exposure; Humans; Insect Control; insecticides; Insecticides - toxicity; Iraq; leishmaniasis; Leishmaniasis - prevention & control; Military Personnel; Models, Statistical; Occupational Exposure - analysis; Organophosphorus Compounds - toxicity; Phlebotominae; probabilistic models; probability analysis; Psychodidae - parasitology; Pyrethrins - toxicity; Risk Assessment; sand fly control; spraying; subchronic toxicity; United States; vector control; Iraq; United States
• ISSN: 0022-2585; 1938-2928
• DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0337

Leishmaniasis has been of concern to the U.S. military and has re-emerged in importance because of recent deployments to the Middle East. We conducted a retrospective probabilistic risk assessment for military personnel potentially exposed to insecticides during the “Leishmaniasis Control Plan” (LCP) undertaken in 2003 at Tallil Air Base, Iraq. We estimated acute and subchronic risks from resmethrin, malathion, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and pyrethrins applied using a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprayer and lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and cypermethrin used for residual sprays. We used the risk quotient (RQ) method for our risk assessment (estimated environmental exposure/toxic endpoint) and set the RQ level of concern (LOC) at 1.0. Acute RQs for truck-mounted ULV and residual sprays ranged from 0.00007 to 33.3 at the 95th percentile. Acute exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and chlorpyrifos exceeded the RQ LOC. Subchronic RQs for truck-mounted ULV and residual sprays ranged from 0.00008 to 32.8 at the 95th percentile. Subchronic exposures to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos exceeded the LOC. However, estimated exposures to lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and chlorpyrifos did not exceed their respective no observed adverse effect levels.