Barriers and facilitators of habit building for long-term adherence to antihypertensive therapy among people with hypertensive disorders in Los Angeles, California: a qualitative study

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 14; no. 7; p. e079401
• Main Authors: Ghai, Ishita, Palimaru, Alina, Ebinger, Joseph E, Barajas, Denisse, Vallejo, Rocio, Morales, Michelle, Linnemayr, Sebastian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 11.07.2024; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents - therapeutic use; Antihypertensives; behavior; cardiology; Codes; Female; Habits; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - drug therapy; Incentives; Intervention; Interviews; Interviews as Topic; Los Angeles; Male; Medical research; Medication Adherence - statistics & numerical data; Middle Aged; Motivation; Patients; Perceptions; Qualitative Research; Reconciliation; Reminder Systems; Los Angeles; Los Angeles California; United States > US; California; qualitative research; behavior; hypertension; cardiology
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079401

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to a) explore barriers and facilitators associated with medication-taking habit formation, and b) elicit feedback on the components of an intervention designed to help form strong habits for long-term medication adherence.DesignThe study design was qualitative; we conducted semistructured interviews between September 2021 and February 2022.SettingThe interviews were conducted online, with 27 participants recruited at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.ParticipantsA purposive sample of 20 patients who were over 18 years of age, had been diagnosed with hypertensive disorder (or reported high blood pressure; >140/90 mm Hg) and who were prescribed antihypertensive therapy at the time of recruitment, along with seven providers were interviewed.ResultsContextual factors included frequent changes to prescription for regimen adjustment, and polypharmacy. Forgetfulness, perceived need for medication, and routine disruptions were identified as possible barriers to habit formation. Facilitators of habit formation included identification of stable routines for anchoring, planning, use of external reminders (including visual reminders) and pillboxes for prescription management, and extrinsic motivation for forming habits. Interestingly, experiencing medication side effects was identified as a possible barrier and a possible facilitator of habit formation. Feedback on study components included increasing text size, and visual appeal of the habit leaflet; and imparting variation in text message content and adjusting their frequency to once a day. Patients generally favoured the use of conditional financial incentives to support habit formation.ConclusionThe study sheds light on some key considerations concerning the contextual factors for habit formation among people with hypertension. As such, future studies may evaluate the generalisability of our findings, consider the role of visual reminders in habit formation and sustenance, and explore possible disruptions to habits.Trial registration number NCT04029883.