Cardiovascular disease in transsexual persons treated with cross-sex hormones: reversal of the traditional sex difference in cardiovascular disease pattern

• Published in: European journal of endocrinology Vol. 170; no. 6; pp. 809 - 819
• Main Authors: Gooren, Louis J, Wierckx, Katrien, Giltay, Erik J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bristol Bioscientifica Ltd 01.06.2014; BioScientifica
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Cardiovascular System - drug effects; Clinical Study; Endocrinopathies; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gonadal Steroid Hormones - therapeutic use; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Sex Characteristics; Sex Reassignment Procedures - statistics & numerical data; Transgender Persons - statistics & numerical data; Vertebrates: endocrinology; Human; Treatment; Transsexualism; Sex; Female; Male; Cardiovascular disease; Sex steroid hormone; Endocrinology; Comparative study
• ISSN: 0804-4643; 1479-683X; 1479-683X
• DOI: 10.1530/EJE-14-0011

ObjectiveThe incidence of heart disease increases with age, but is lower in women than in men up to 75 years. A protective effect of female sex hormones or, alternatively, acceleration in male heart disease by testosterone at younger ages, could explain this sex difference. In contrast with the above, male-to-female transsexual subjects (MtoF) treated with estrogens (+anti-androgens) show more cardiovascular pathology than female-to-male transsexual subjects (FtoM) receiving testosterone. Why MtoF suffer more frequently from cardiovascular disease than females is as yet unclear. The mode of cross-sex hormone treatment may be a factor, and, if so, it may need adaptations.Subjects and methodsStudies in transsexual people on the effects of cross-sex hormone treatment on surrogate cardiovascular risks and on clinical endpoints were reviewed. With regard to MtoF, a parallel was sought with men with prostate cancer, undergoing androgen deprivation and estrogen administration.ResultsExposure of FtoM to testosterone was not associated with a strong increase in cardiovascular events. Aging and pre-existing cardiovascular pathology contributed to the risk of cardiovascular disease in MtoF. Use of the synthetic biopotent compound ethinyl estradiol in a dose two to four times of oral contraceptives increased cardiovascular risk substantially. The route of administration of estrogens (oral vs transdermal) may have impacted on the risks.ConclusionMtoF should not be treated with oral ethinyl estradiol. Transdermal estrogens are probably safer than oral estrogens. Pre-existing cardiovascular risks should be taken into consideration when prescribing and choosing the type of estrogens in cross-sex hormone administration (oral vs transdermal). In addition, risk factors, as they emerge with aging, should be addressed.