COMPARISON OF THREE MIDAZOLAM-BASED SEDATION PROTOCOLS IN BUDGERIGARS ( MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS ) AND BLACK-CHEEKED LOVEBIRDS ( AGAPORNIS NIGRIGENIS )

• Published in: Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine Vol. 55; no. 1; p. 111
• Main Authors: Abreu, Sara A, Laursen, Sophie A, Perrin, Kathryn L, Tahas, Stamatios A, Bertelsen, Mads F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 05.03.2024
• Subjects: Agapornis; Anesthetics - pharmacology; Animals; Clinical Trials, Veterinary as Topic; Cross-Over Studies; Hypnotics and Sedatives - pharmacology; Medetomidine - pharmacology; Melopsittacus - physiology; Midazolam - pharmacology; Pregnanediones - pharmacology
• ISSN: 1042-7260
• DOI: 10.1638/2022-0124

This randomized, crossover study evaluated three sedation protocols administered subcutaneously in nine budgerigars ( ) and nine black-cheeked lovebirds ( ). All protocols included midazolam (5 mg/kg), combined with butorphanol (5 mg/kg) (BM), medetomidine (20 lg/kg) (MM), or alfaxalone (13 mg/kg) (AM). Mortalities from suspected cardiorespiratory arrest were observed when AM was used in lovebirds, even after reduction of alfaxalone dosage to 3 mg/kg, and therefore this protocol was excluded from further use in this species. Induction and recovery times were recorded and their quality assessed. Sedation depth and heart and respiratory rates were measured every 5 min and radiographic positioning was attempted at 10 and 20 min. At 30 min, midazolam and medetomidine were reversed with flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg, SC), and atipamezole (0.2 mg/kg, SC), respectively. MM consistently provided deep sedation in both species, with successful radiographic positioning at every attempt. As expected, heart rate was often lower with MM than with other protocols, but no associated complications were noted. In budgerigars, BM had the lowest radiographic positioning success rate (10 min: 5/9, 20 min: 3/9), whereas in lovebirds it provided significantly deeper sedation ( < 0.001), allowing radiographic positioning in all subjects. In both species, BM provided the shortest recovery times. AM resulted in reliable radiographic positioning of all budgerigars at 10 min, but not at 20 min (5/ 9), and provided consistently poor recoveries. This study highlights how differently two psittacine species of similar size may react to the same sedation protocols. AM sedation cannot be fully reversed and produced significant undesirable effects, several of which have been previously reported with alfaxalone administration to avian species. The authors therefore caution against using alfaxalone-midazolam combinations in budgerigars and black-cheeked lovebirds. Both BM and MM provided reliable sedation in these species, and appear to be suitable alternatives to AM.