Surveillance, Phagocytosis, and Inflammation: How Never-Resting Microglia Influence Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Microglia cells are the major orchestrator of the brain inflammatory response. As such, they are traditionally studied in various contexts of trauma, injury, and disease, where they are well-known for regulating a wide range of physiological processes by their release of proinflammatory cytokines, r...

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Published inJournal of neural transplantation & plasticity Vol. 2014; no. 2014; pp. 523 - 537
Main Authors Comeau, Samuel, Encinas, Juan M., Diaz-Aparicio, Irune, Beccari, Sol, Sierra, Amanda, Tremblay, Marie-Ève
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Limiteds 01.01.2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Hindawi Limited
Wiley
Subjects
Aging - immunology
Aging - physiology
Animals
Cytokines
Gene expression
Hippocampus - cytology
Hippocampus - growth & development
Hippocampus - physiology
Humans
Immunologic Surveillance - physiology
Inflammation
Inflammation - physiopathology
Memory
Microglia - physiology
Nervous system diseases
Neurodegenerative Diseases - pathology
Neurodegenerative Diseases - physiopathology
Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis - immunology
Neurogenesis - physiology
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Phagocytosis - physiology
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Review
Stem cells
Stress, Psychological
Transgenic animals
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Summary:Microglia cells are the major orchestrator of the brain inflammatory response. As such, they are traditionally studied in various contexts of trauma, injury, and disease, where they are well-known for regulating a wide range of physiological processes by their release of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and trophic factors, among other crucial mediators. In the last few years, however, this classical view of microglia was challenged by a series of discoveries showing their active and positive contribution to normal brain functions. In light of these discoveries, surveillant microglia are now emerging as an important effector of cellular plasticity in the healthy brain, alongside astrocytes and other types of inflammatory cells. Here, we will review the roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and their regulation by inflammation during chronic stress, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms and their functional consequences for learning and memory.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
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Academic Editor: Carlos Fitzsimons
ISSN:0792-8483
2090-5904
1687-5443
DOI:10.1155/2014/610343