Macrodomains: Structure, Function, Evolution, and Catalytic Activities

• Published in: Annual review of biochemistry Vol. 85; no. 1; pp. 431 - 454
• Main Authors: Rack, Johannes Gregor Matthias, Perina, Dragutin, Ahel, Ivan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Annual Reviews 02.06.2016; Annual Reviews, Inc
• Subjects: Adenosine diphosphate; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose - chemistry; Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose - metabolism; ADP-ribose; Animals; Cancer; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Escherichia coli Proteins - chemistry; Escherichia coli Proteins - genetics; Escherichia coli Proteins - metabolism; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Immune response; Isoenzymes - chemistry; Isoenzymes - genetics; Isoenzymes - metabolism; Multigene Family; Mutation; NAD; Neoplasms - chemistry; Neoplasms - enzymology; Neoplasms - genetics; Neoplasms - pathology; PARG; PARP family; Phylogeny; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases - chemistry; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases - genetics; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases - metabolism; posttranslational modifications; Protein Domains; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteins; Repressor Proteins - chemistry; Repressor Proteins - genetics; Repressor Proteins - metabolism; Signal Transduction; Structural Homology, Protein; Virus Diseases - enzymology; Virus Diseases - genetics; Virus Diseases - pathology; Virus Diseases - virology; NAD; ADP-ribose; PARG; PARP family; posttranslational modifications
• ISSN: 0066-4154; 1545-4509
• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014935

Recent developments indicate that macrodomains, an ancient and diverse protein domain family, are key players in the recognition, interpretation, and turnover of ADP-ribose (ADPr) signaling. Crucial to this is the ability of macrodomains to recognize ADPr either directly, in the form of a metabolic derivative, or as a modification covalently bound to proteins. Thus, macrodomains regulate a wide variety of cellular and organismal processes, including DNA damage repair, signal transduction, and immune response. Their importance is further indicated by the fact that dysregulation or mutation of a macrodomain is associated with several diseases, including cancer, developmental defects, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize the current insights into macrodomain evolution and how this evolution influenced their structural and functional diversification. We highlight some aspects of macrodomain roles in pathobiology as well as their emerging potential as therapeutic targets.