The Relation of Racial Identity, Ethnic Identity, and Racial Socialization to Discrimination-Distress: A Meta-Analysis of Black Americans

• Published in: Journal of counseling psychology Vol. 60; no. 1; pp. 1 - 14
• Main Authors: Lee, Debbiesiu L, Ahn, Soyeon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Psychological Association 01.01.2013
• Subjects: Acculturation; Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; African Americans - psychology; Afrocentrism; Age; Age Distribution; Child; Continental Population Groups - psychology; Correlation; Emotional Disturbances; Ethnic Groups - psychology; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Male; Meta Analysis; Racial Discrimination; Racial Identification; Racism - psychology; Self Concept; Sex; Sex Distribution; Social Identification; Social Perception; Socialization; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0022-0167
• DOI: 10.1037/a0031275

This meta-analysis synthesized the results of 27 studies examining the relations of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination-distress for Black Americans. The purpose was to uncover which constructs connected to racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization most strongly correlate with racial discrimination and psychological distress. Discrimination significantly related to aspects of racial identity, including immersion-emersion, public regard, encounter, Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard, and internalization. Distress significantly correlated with preencounter/assimilation, encounter, public regard, immersion-emersion, and Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard. Several of these relationships were significantly moderated by the measure of racial identity or demographic variables (gender or age). Implications of these findings are discussed. (Contains 1 figure and 2 footnotes.)