Internal structure of two alpine rock glaciers investigated by quasi-3-D electrical resistivity imaging

• Published in: The cryosphere Vol. 11; no. 2; pp. 841 - 855
• Main Authors: Emmert, Adrian, Kneisel, Christof
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Katlenburg-Lindau Copernicus GmbH 30.03.2017; Copernicus Publications
• Subjects: Active layer; Alpine environments; Compressive properties; Coupling; Creep (materials); Data processing; Descent; Detection; Electrical resistivity; Electrodes; Flow; Flow velocity; Frost; Geophysical exploration; Geophysical methods; Geophysics; Glaciers; Grain size; Ground ice; Ice; Ice cover; Ice formation; Imaging; Imaging techniques; Interactions; Investigations; Landforms; Mapping; Meltwater; Ocean surface topography; Permafrost; Proximity; Rock glaciers; Rocks; Sensors; Snow; Solifluction; Spatial analysis; Spatial distribution; Spatial variability; Spatial variations; Specific surface; Structure; Thickness; Tomography; Topography; Topography (geology); Variability; Switzerland; Alps
• ISSN: 1994-0424; 1994-0416; 1994-0424; 1994-0416
• DOI: 10.5194/tc-11-841-2017

Interactions between different formative processes are reflected in the internal structure of rock glaciers. Therefore, the detection of subsurface conditions can help to enhance our understanding of landform development. For an assessment of subsurface conditions, we present an analysis of the spatial variability of active layer thickness, ground ice content and frost table topography for two different rock glaciers in the Eastern Swiss Alps by means of quasi-3-D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). This approach enables an extensive mapping of subsurface structures and a spatial overlay between site-specific surface and subsurface characteristics. At Nair rock glacier, we discovered a gradual descent of the frost table in a downslope direction and a constant decrease of ice content which follows the observed surface topography. This is attributed to ice formation by refreezing meltwater from an embedded snow bank or from a subsurface ice patch which reshapes the permafrost layer. The heterogeneous ground ice distribution at Uertsch rock glacier indicates that multiple processes on different time domains were involved in the development. Resistivity values which represent frozen conditions vary within a wide range and indicate a successive formation which includes several advances, past glacial overrides and creep processes on the rock glacier surface. In combination with the observed topography, quasi-3-D ERI enables us to delimit areas of extensive and compressive flow in close proximity. Excellent data quality was provided by a good coupling of electrodes to the ground in the pebbly material of the investigated rock glaciers. Results show the value of the quasi-3-D ERI approach but advise the application of complementary geophysical methods for interpreting the results.