Relationship of stream flow regime in the western Lake Superior basin to watershed type characteristics

• Published in: Journal of hydrology (Amsterdam) Vol. 309; no. 1; pp. 258 - 276
• Main Authors: Detenbeck, N.E., Brady, V.J., Taylor, D.L., Snarski, V.M., Batterman, S.L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 19.07.2005; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Classification; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Exact sciences and technology; Flow regime; forested watersheds; Hydrology; Hydrology. Hydrogeology; Lake Superior; land use; landscapes; principal component analysis; second order-streams; stream flow; Streams; third-order streams; watershed hydrology; watershed storage; watersheds; wetlands; Minnesota; Wisconsin; Lake Superior; United States; Great Lakes; Flow regime; Lake Superior; Streams; Classification; base flow; floods; stream order; streams; runoff; hydrodynamics; classification; non-linear models; North America; forests; frequency; drainage basins; wetlands; Classification: Lake Superior: Streams; water storage; discharge; lakes
• ISSN: 0022-1694; 1879-2707
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.024

To test a conceptual model of non-linear response of hydrologic regimes to watershed characteristics, we selected 48 second- and third-order study sites on the North and South Shores of western Lake Superior, MN (USA) using a random-stratified design based on hydrogeomorphic region, fraction mature forest, and fraction watershed storage (lake+wetland area/watershed area). We calculated several commonly used hydrologic indices from discharge and velocity estimates, including daily flow indices, overall flood indices, low flow variables, and ratios or ranges of flow percentiles reflecting the nature of cumulative frequency distributions. Four principal components (PCs) explained 85.9 and 88.6% of the variation of flow metrics among second- and third-order stream sites, respectively. Axes of variation corresponded to a runoff vs. baseflow axis, flow variability, mean flow, and contrasts between flood duration and frequency. Analysis of velocity metrics for third-order streams yielded four PCs corresponding to mean or maximum velocity, Froude number, and inferred shear velocity, as well as spate frequencies vs. intervals associated with different velocity ranges. Using discriminant function analysis, we could discriminate among watershed classes based on region, mature forest, or watershed storage as a function of flow metrics. For second-order streams, median flow ( Qs 50) increased as watershed storage increased. North Shore streams showed a more skewed distribution and greater spread of discharge values than did South Shore streams for both stream orders, while third-order North Shore streams exhibited a higher frequency of spates. Independent of regional differences, loss of mature forest increased the range of variation between baseflow and peak flows, and depressed baseflow. Consistent with our initial model for watershed classification, Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis confirmed significant thresholds of change in flow metrics averaging between 0.506 and 0.636 for fraction mature forest and between 0.180 and 0.258 for fraction watershed storage.