U–Pb geochronology and paleomagnetism of the Westerberg Sill Suite, Kaapvaal Craton – Support for a coherent Kaapvaal–Pilbara Block (Vaalbara) into the Paleoproterozoic?

• Published in: Precambrian research Vol. 269; pp. 58 - 72
• Main Authors: Kampmann, Tobias C., Gumsley, Ashley P., de Kock, Michiel O., Söderlund, Ulf
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.10.2015
• Subjects: Apparent polar wander path; Baddeleyite U-Pb geochronology; Earth and Related Environmental Sciences; Geologi; Geology; Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap; Kaapvaal; Natural Sciences; Naturvetenskap; Paleomagnetism; Paleoreconstruction; Vaalbara; Apparent polar wander path; Baddeleyite U–Pb geochronology; Paleoreconstruction; Vaalbara; Paleomagnetism; Kaapvaal
• ISSN: 0301-9268; 1872-7433; 1872-7433
• DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2015.08.011

•Ages of ca. 2.43–2.44 Ga are determined for a mafic suite in the Kaapvaal craton.•Paleomagnetism yields a Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (18.9°N, 285.0°E, A95=14.1°, K=43.4).•The possible primary or secondary origin of the VGP is discussed.•Results are used to complement the apparent polar wander path of Kaapvaal.•A test of the supercraton hypothesis Kaapvaal+Pilbara (Vaalbara) is performed. Precise geochronology, combined with paleomagnetism on mafic intrusions, provides first-order information for paleoreconstruction of crustal blocks, revealing the history of supercontinental formation and break-up. These techniques are used here to further constrain the apparent polar wander path of the Kaapvaal Craton across the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic boundary. U–Pb baddeleyite ages of 2441±6 Ma and 2426±1 Ma for a suite of mafic sills located on the western Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa (herein named the Westerberg Sill Suite), manifests a new event of magmatism within the Kaapvaal Craton of southern Africa. These ages fall within a ca. 450 Myr temporal gap in the paleomagnetic record between 2.66 and 2.22Ga on the craton. Our older Westerberg Suite age is broadly coeval with the Woongarra magmatic event on the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia. In addition, the Westerberg Suite on the Kaapvaal Craton intrudes a remarkably similar Archean-Proterozoic sedimentary succession to that on the Pilbara Craton, supporting a stratigraphic correlation between Kaapvaal and Pilbara (i.e., Vaalbara). The broadly coeval Westerberg–Woongarra igneous event may represent a Large Igneous Province. The paleomagnetic results are more ambiguous, with several different possibilities existing. A Virtual Geomagnetic Pole obtained from four sites on the Westerberg sills is 18.9°N, 285.0°E, A95=14.1°, K=43.4 (Sample based VGP, n=34: 16.8°N, 2879.9°E, dp=4.4°, dm=7.7°). If primary (i.e., 2441–2426 Ma), it would provide a further magmatic event within a large temporal gap in the Kaapvaal Craton's Paleoproterozoic apparent polar wander path. It would suggest a relatively stationary Kaapvaal Craton between 2.44 Ga and 2.22 Ga, and ca. 35° of latitudinal drift of the craton between ca. 2.66 Ga and 2.44 Ga. This is not observed for the Pilbara Craton, suggesting breakup of Vaalbara before ca. 2.44 Ga. However, it is likely that the Woongarra paleopole represents a magnetic overprint acquired during the Ophtalmian or Capricorn Orogeny, invalidating a paleomagnetic comparison with the Westerberg Sill Suite. Alternatively, our Westerberg Virtual Geographic Pole manifests a 2.22 Ga magnetic overprint related to Ongeluk volcanism. The similarity between Ongeluk and Westerberg paleopoles however may also infer magmatic connections if both are primary directions, despite the apparent 200 million year age this difference.