Klebsiella oxytoca Complex: Update on Taxonomy, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence

• Published in: Clinical microbiology reviews Vol. 35; no. 1; p. e0000621
• Main Authors: Yang, Jing, Long, Haiyan, Hu, Ya, Feng, Yu, McNally, Alan, Zong, Zhiyong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Society for Microbiology 19.01.2022
• Subjects: Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; beta-Lactamases - genetics; Carbapenems; Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Humans; Klebsiella Infections - drug therapy; Klebsiella Infections - epidemiology; Klebsiella oxytoca - genetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Review; Virulence; Klebsiella; β-lactamases; Klebsiella oxytoca; virulence; antimicrobial resistance; taxonomy; carbapenemases; resistance
• ISSN: 0893-8512; 1098-6618; 1098-6618
• DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00006-21

Klebsiella oxytoca is actually a complex of nine species— Klebsiella grimontii , Klebsiella huaxiensis , Klebsiella michiganensis , K. oxytoca , Klebsiella pasteurii , Klebsiella spallanzanii , and three unnamed novel species. Phenotypic tests can assign isolates to the complex, but precise species identification requires genome-based analysis. Klebsiella oxytoca is actually a complex of nine species— Klebsiella grimontii , Klebsiella huaxiensis , Klebsiella michiganensis , K. oxytoca , Klebsiella pasteurii , Klebsiella spallanzanii , and three unnamed novel species. Phenotypic tests can assign isolates to the complex, but precise species identification requires genome-based analysis. The K. oxytoca complex is a human commensal but also an opportunistic pathogen causing various infections, such as antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC), urinary tract infection, and bacteremia, and has caused outbreaks. Production of the cytotoxins tilivalline and tilimycin lead to AAHC, while many virulence factors seen in Klebsiella pneumoniae , such as capsular polysaccharides and fimbriae, have been found in the complex; however, their association with pathogenicity remains unclear. Among the 5,724 K. oxytoca clinical isolates in the SENTRY surveillance system, the rates of nonsusceptibility to carbapenems, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, colistin, and tigecycline were 1.8%, 12.5%, 7.1%, 0.8%, and 0.1%, respectively. Resistance to carbapenems is increasing alarmingly. In addition to the intrinsic bla OXY , many genes encoding β-lactamases with varying spectra of hydrolysis, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases, such as a few CTX-M variants and several TEM and SHV variants, have been found. bla KPC-2 is the most common carbapenemase gene found in the complex and is mainly seen on IncN or IncF plasmids. Due to the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance and the carriage of multiple virulence genes, the K. oxytoca complex has the potential to become a major threat to human health.