Novel Radiotracer for ImmunoPET Imaging of PD‑1 Checkpoint Expression on Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes

• Published in: Bioconjugate chemistry Vol. 26; no. 10; pp. 2062 - 2069
• Main Authors: Natarajan, Arutselvan, Mayer, Aaron T, Xu, Lingyun, Reeves, Robert E, Gano, Jacob, Gambhir, Sanjiv S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 21.10.2015
• Subjects: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal - chemistry; Cell Death - immunology; Copper Radioisotopes - chemistry; Gene expression; Heterocyclic Compounds - chemistry; Immunoconjugates - chemistry; Immunoconjugates - pharmacokinetics; Immunotherapy; Isothiocyanates - chemistry; Liquid chromatography; Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating - immunology; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating - pathology; Melanoma; Melanoma - pathology; Mice, Transgenic; Positron-Emission Tomography - methods; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor - immunology; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor - metabolism; Quality control; Radioactive tracers; Radiopharmaceuticals - pharmacokinetics; Rodents; Tissue Distribution; Tumors; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
• ISSN: 1043-1802; 1520-4812; 1520-4812
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00318

Immune checkpoint signaling through the programmed death 1 (PD-1) axis to its ligand (PD-L1) significantly dampens anti-tumor immune responses. Cancer patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors that block this suppressive signaling have exhibited objective response rates of 20–40% for advanced solid tumors, lymphomas, and malignant melanomas. This represents a tremendous advance in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, all patients do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Recent findings suggest that patients with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing PD-1 may be most likely to respond to αPD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. There is a compelling need for diagnostic and prognostic imaging tools to assess the PD-1 status of TILs in vivo. Here we have developed a novel immunoPET tracer to image PD-1 expressing TILs in a transgenic mouse model bearing melanoma. A 64Cu labeled anti-mouse antibody (IgG) PD-1 immuno positron emission tomography (PET) tracer was developed to detect PD-1 expressing murine TILs. Quality control of the tracer showed >95% purity by HPLC and >70% immunoreactivity in an in vitro cell binding assay. ImmunoPET scans were performed over 1–48 h on Foxp3+.LuciDTR4 mice bearing B16–F10 melanoma tumors. Mice receiving anti-PD-1 tracer (200 ± 10 μCi/10–12 μg/200 μL) revealed high tracer uptake in lymphoid organs and tumors. BLI images of FoxP3+ CD4+ Tregs known to express PD-1 confirmed lymphocyte infiltration of tumors at the time of PET imaging. Biodistribution measurements performed at 48 h revealed a high (11×) tumor to muscle uptake ratio of the PET tracer (p < 0.05). PD-1 tumors exhibited 7.4 ± 0.7%ID/g tracer uptake and showed a 2× fold signal decrease when binding was blocked by unlabeled antibody. To the best of our knowledge this data is the first report to image PD-1 expression in living subjects with PET. This radiotracer has the potential to assess the prognostic value of PD-1 in preclinical models of immunotherapy and may ultimately aid in predicting response to therapies targeting immune checkpoints.