Galena creek rock glacier revisited-new observations on an old controversy

• Published in: Geografiska annaler. Series A, Physical geography Vol. 80; no. 3-4; pp. 251 - 265
• Main Authors: Potter, jr, N., Steig, E.J., Clark, D.H., Speece, M.A., Clark, G.M., Updike, Arika B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK and Boston, USA Taylor & Francis 01.10.1998; Blackwell Publishing Ltd; Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography
• Subjects: Bedrock; Cirque glaciers; Cirques; Glacial accumulation; Glacial landforms; Glaciers; Ice; Refraction; Rocks; Snow
• ISSN: 0435-3676; 1468-0459
• DOI: 10.1111/j.0435-3676.1998.00041.x

Galena Creek rock glacier (GCRG), northwest Wyoming, exhibits most of the classic characteristics of rock glaciers. Clean ice with silty bands was found beneath a c. 1 m thick debris mantle by Potter. He inferred that the ice is glacigenic, originating in the small snowfield in the cirque at the head of GCRG. This view was challenged by Barsch, who asserted that the ice in GCRG is of "permafrost" origin. Since then GCRG has become a lightning rod for opponents and proponents of the glacigenic ice model for rock glaciers. We review evidence for that model here. Movement marks emplaced on GCRG in the 1960s were resurveyed in 1995 for a 30+ year record of movement. Maximum surface velocity is 45 cm/yr on gentle slopes and 80 cm/yr in a steep reach where GCRG spills out of the cirque. The less active, down-valley third of GCRG is moving at a maximum 14 cm/yr, and lobes formed between the more and less active parts have complex movement and are advancing down-valley over adjacent lobes at a maximum of 6.5 cm/yr. New refraction seismic profiles on GCRG were used to determine the thickness of the debris mantle over ice. On the up-valley, active part of GCRG, the debris mantle is a relatively uniform c. 1 m thick. On the down-valley, less active part, the thickness of the debris mantle is much more variable, but it is generally thicker. We cannot tell, on the basis of seismic data alone, whether the frozen material beneath the debris mantle is ice or a debris-ice mixture, but the results are not inconsistent with the glacigenic model for the origin of the ice. Two long-profiles in the cirque may identify bedrock at about 20-25 m depth.