Global rare earth element resources: A concise review

• Published in: Applied geochemistry Vol. 175; p. 106158
• Main Authors: Chen, Ping, Ilton, Eugene S., Wang, Zheming, Rosso, Kevin M., Zhang, Xin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Carbonatites; economic valuation; geochemistry; geographical distribution; Global distribution; mineralogy; Minerals; Ore; Rare earth elements; REE deposits; supply chain; Global distribution; REE deposits; Ore; Minerals; Rare earth elements; Carbonatites
• ISSN: 0883-2927
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.106158

Deposits enriched in rare earth elements (REEs) are abundant and diverse in mineralogy, but those of current economic value have extremely limited geographic distribution. Due to rapidly increasing demand and concerns about supply chain security, new and improved methods of prospecting, beneficiation, separation, purification, and recycling are needed. By overviewing the types and geographic distribution of REE deposits globally, their petrogenesis and major mineralogic assemblages, this review aims to deepen understanding of different types of REE deposits and distribution characteristics at the global level. Our review also seeks to provide a concise summary of important background information that is accessible to researchers from a variety of disciplines who are seeking to engage this rapidly expanding field. •Comprehensively summarize types of REE deposits at the global level.•Carbonatite REE deposits and their weathered residuals are prominent REE resources.•Marine sedimentary phosphorites, coals, and mine tailings can serve as REE resources.•REE production is constrained by geography, mining techniques, and policies.•Enhancing REE production necessitates a comprehensive industry chain.