Amoebae: Hiding in Plain Sight: Unappreciated Hosts for the Very Large Viruses

• Published in: Annual review of virology Vol. 9; no. 1; pp. 79 - 98
• Main Authors: Queiroz, Victória Fulgêncio, Rodrigues, Rodrigo Araújo Lima, de Miranda Boratto, Paulo Victor, La Scola, Bernard, Andreani, Julien, Abrahão, Jônatas Santos
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Annual Reviews 29.09.2022
• Subjects: Amoeba; amoebae; DNA Viruses - genetics; genome complexity; Genome, Viral; giant virus; Giant Viruses - genetics; Humans; Metagenomics; NCLDV; Nucleocytoviricota; Phylogeny; viral diversity; Viruses - genetics; giant virus; genome complexity; NCLDV; Nucleocytoviricota; viral diversity; amoebae
• ISSN: 2327-056X; 2327-0578
• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-125832

For decades, viruses have been isolated primarily from humans and other organisms. Interestingly, one of the most complex sides of the virosphere was discovered using free-living amoebae as hosts. The discovery of giant viruses in the early twenty-first century opened a new chapter in the field of virology. Giant viruses are included in the phylum Nucleocytoviricota and harbor large and complex DNA genomes (up to 2.7 Mb) encoding genes never before seen in the virosphere and presenting gigantic particles (up to 1.5 μm). Different amoebae have been used to isolate and characterize a plethora of new viruses with exciting details about novel viral biology. Through distinct isolation techniques and metagenomics, the diversity and complexity of giant viruses have astonished the scientific community. Here, we discuss the latest findings on amoeba viruses and how using these single-celled organisms as hosts has revealed entities that have remained hidden in plain sight for ages.