Accurate Post-Calibration Predictions for Noninvasive Glucose Measurements in People Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy

• Published in: ACS sensors Vol. 8; no. 3; pp. 1272 - 1279
• Main Authors: Pors, Anders, Rasmussen, Kaspar G., Inglev, Rune, Jendrike, Nina, Philipps, Amalie, Ranjan, Ajenthen G., Vestergaard, Vibe, Henriksen, Jan E., Nørgaard, Kirsten, Freckmann, Guido, Hepp, Karl D., Gerstenberg, Michael C., Weber, Anders
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 24.03.2023
• Subjects: Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Calibration; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis; Humans; Spectrum Analysis, Raman - methods; in vivo Raman spectroscopy; non-invasive glucose monitoring; multivariate data analysis; portable sensor; diabetes; calibration stability; tissue diagnostics
• ISSN: 2379-3694; 2379-3694
• DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02756

In diabetes prevention and care, invasiveness of glucose measurement impedes efficient therapy and hampers the identification of people at risk. Lack of calibration stability in non-invasive technology has confined the field to short-term proof of principle. Addressing this challenge, we demonstrate the first practical use of a Raman-based and portable non-invasive glucose monitoring device used for at least 15 days following calibration. In a home-based clinical study involving 160 subjects with diabetes, the largest of its kind to our knowledge, we find that the measurement accuracy is insensitive to age, sex, and skin color. A subset of subjects with type 2 diabetes highlights promising real-life results with 99.8% of measurements within A + B zones in the consensus error grid and a mean absolute relative difference of 14.3%. By overcoming the problem of calibration stability, we remove the lingering uncertainty about the practical use of non-invasive glucose monitoring, boding a new, non-invasive era in diabetes monitoring.