Emission Factors for Hydraulically Fractured Gas Wells Derived Using Well- and Battery-level Reported Data for Alberta, Canada

• Published in: Environmental science & technology Vol. 48; no. 24; pp. 14772 - 14781
• Main Authors: Tyner, David R, Johnson, Matthew R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Chemical Society 16.12.2014
• Subjects: Air Pollutants - analysis; Alberta; Applied sciences; Atmospheric pollution; Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change; Drilling; Earth, ocean, space; Emissions; Exact sciences and technology; External geophysics; Extraction and Processing Industry; Gases; Greenhouse gases; Hydraulic fracturing; Meteorology; Natural Gas; Natural gas industry; Oil and Gas Fields; Oil consumption; Oil wells; Other pollution sources in industry; Pollution; Pollution sources. Measurement results; Alberta; Canada; Western Canada; Alberta Canada; United States > US; Canada, Alberta; Nitrogen oxide; aerosols; Nitrogen compounds; North America; greenhouse gas; exploitation; hydraulic fracturing; natural gas; Fine particle; Well drilling; Air pollution; Ventilation; Emission measure; Gas flaring
• ISSN: 0013-936X; 1520-5851
• DOI: 10.1021/es502815b

A comprehensive technical analysis of available industry-reported well activity and production data for Alberta in 2011 has been used to derive flaring, venting, and diesel combustion greenhouse gas and criteria air contaminant emission factors specifically linked to drilling, completion, and operation of hydraulically fractured natural gas wells. Analysis revealed that in-line (“green”) completions were used at approximately 53% of wells completed in 2011, and in other cases the majority (99.5%) of flowback gases were flared rather than vented. Comparisons with limited analogous data available in the literature revealed that reported total flared and vented natural gas volumes attributable to tight gas well-completions were ∼6 times larger than Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) estimates for natural gas well-completion based on wells ca. 2000, but 62% less than an equivalent emission factor that can be derived from U.S. EPA data. Newly derived emission factors for diesel combustion during well drilling and completion are thought to be among the first such data available in the open literature, where drilling-related emissions for tight gas wells drilled in Alberta in 2011 were found to have increased by a factor of 2.8 relative to a typical well drilled in Canada in 2000 due to increased drilling lengths. From well-by-well analysis of production phase flared, vented, and fuel usage natural gas volumes reported at 3846 operating tight gas wells in 2011, operational emission factors were developed. Overall results highlight the importance of operational phase GHG emissions at upstream well sites (including on-site natural gas fuel use), and the critical levels of uncertainty in current estimates of liquid unloading emissions.