Together or Alone: Evaluating the Pathogen Inhibition Potential of Bacterial Cocktails against an Amphibian Pathogen
The amphibian fungal skin disease ( ) has caused major biodiversity losses globally. Several experimental trials have tested the use of Janthinobacterium lividum to reduce mortality due to infections, usually in single-strain amendments. It is well-characterized in terms of its anti- activity mechan...
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Published in | Microbiology spectrum Vol. 11; no. 2; p. e0151822 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
American Society for Microbiology
31.01.2023
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | The amphibian fungal skin disease
(
) has caused major biodiversity losses globally. Several experimental trials have tested the use of Janthinobacterium lividum to reduce mortality due to
infections, usually in single-strain amendments. It is well-characterized in terms of its anti-
activity mechanisms. However, there are many other microbes that inhibit
, and not all experiments have demonstrated consistent results with J. lividum. We used a series of
assays involving bacterial coculture with
lawns, bacterial growth tests in liquid broth, and
grown in bacterial cell-free supernatant (CFS) to determine: (i) which skin bacteria isolated from a locally endangered amphibian, namely, the Colorado boreal toad (
), are able to inhibit
growth; (ii) whether multistrain combinations are more effective than single-strains; and (iii) the mechanism behind microbe-microbe interactions. Our results indicate that there are some single strain and multistrain probiotics (especially including strains from Pseudomonas
and
) that are potentially more
-inhibitive than is J. lividum alone and that some combinations may lead to a loss of inhibition, potentially through antagonistic metabolite effects. Additionally, if J. lividum continues being developed as a wild boreal toad probiotic, we should investigate it in combination with
as they inhibited
additively and grew at a higher rate when combined than did either alone. This highlights the fact that combinations of probiotics function in variable and unpredictable ways as well as the importance of considering the potential for interactions among naturally resident host microbiota and probiotic additions.
(
) is a pathogen that infects amphibians globally and is causing a biodiversity crisis. Our research group studies one of the species affected by
, namely, the Colorado boreal toad (
). Many researchers focus their studies on one probiotic bacterial isolate called Janthinobacterium lividum, which slows
growth in lab cultures and is currently being field tested in Colorado boreal toads. Although promising, J. lividum is not consistently effective across all amphibian individuals or species. For Colorado boreal toads, we addressed whether there are other bacterial strains that also inhibit
(potentially better than does J. lividum) and whether we can create two-strain probiotics that function better than do single-strain probiotics. In addition, we evaluate which types of interactions occur between two-strain combinations and what these results mean in the context of adding a probiotic to an existing amphibian skin microbiome. |
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Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 The authors declare no conflict of interest. |
ISSN: | 2165-0497 2165-0497 |
DOI: | 10.1128/spectrum.01518-22 |