Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Gallego Volcanic Field, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific and geotectonic implications

• Published in: Lithos Vol. 125; no. 3; pp. 915 - 927
• Main Authors: Petterson, M.G., Haldane, M.I., Smith, D.J., Billy, D., Jordan, N.J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.08.2011
• Subjects: Geochemistry; Guadalcanal; Island arc; Petrogenesis; Solomon Islands; U–Pb–Nb; ISEW, Bismarck Sea, Manus Basin; ISE, Pacific, Solomon Is., Guadalcanal; INW, Pacific; I, Pacific; ISEW, Solomon Sea, Woodlark Basin; ISE, Pacific, Solomon Is; Geochemistry; U–Pb–Nb; Guadalcanal; Petrogenesis; Island arc; Solomon Islands
• ISSN: 0024-4937; 1872-6143
• DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.008

The Upper Miocene to present day Gallego Volcanic Field (GVF) is located in northwest Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific, and potentially includes the offshore Savo volcano. The GVF is a multi-centred complex covering an area of ~ 800 km 2 on Guadalcanal and a further ~ 30 km 2 on the island of Savo, north of west Guadalcanal. GVF volcanism is characterised by effusive eruptions of lava, intrusion of sub-volcanic plutons, as well as pyroclastic flow and fall deposits dominated by block and ash flow deposits. Geochemical analysis of a representative suite of samples from the GVF demonstrates that the GVF comprise largely a ‘main suite’ of basalts to andesites and minor trachyandesites. The predominant mineralogy of the GVF comprises plagioclase, amphibole, clinopyroxene and magnetite-ilmenite. Associated with the ‘main suite’ are cognate nodules composed of hornblendite, gabbros, and clinopyroxenite. Interpretation of major and trace element geochemistry and petrographic studies suggests that fractionation was dominated by early clinopyroxene, and later amphibole + clinopyroxene + minor plagioclase. Geochemical features such as the incompatibility of Sr suggest that plagioclase largely crystallised en-masse late in the fractionation sequence. The presence of amphibole and late fractionation of plagioclase is suggestive of derivation from initially water-rich magmas. The region is characterised by strong geographically-related geochemical variations as evidenced by the Woodlark (and Manus) basins: basalts become more arc-like within the ocean basins with decreasing distance to the subducting trench. The GVF-Savo volcanoes are spatially and geochemically affected by deep N-S fractures that show some evidence of sympathetic geochemical variations with distance from the trench (e.g. Sr/Y ratios). Comparison with a range of international data for Th/Nb vs Pb/Nb and Dy/Yb vs SiO 2 indicate that: amphibole was indeed a strong controlling phase on magmatic evolution; garnet had no obvious role; there was little sediment input into the source region; that relative Pb/Nb enrichments may be linked to similar enrichments within the subducting Woodlark basin (and by analogy with the Manus basin and its abundant hydrothermal Pb-rich sulphide deposits); and the predominant influence on the source region for GVF-Savo was from metasomatic fluids and/or melts from the slab subducting at the southern trench. ► This paper documents the first geological map for the Gallego Volcanic Field (GVF), western Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. ► The GVF is multi-centered and predominantly andesitic to trachy-andesitic, situated between two trenches and subduction zones. ► Petrogenetic modelling indicates fractionation controls by early clinopyroxene, later amphibole and very late plagioclase. ► Source regional analysis indicates the southern subduction zone contributes most material to the magmatic source. ► A Th/Nb vs Pb/Nb diagram has been particularly useful in understanding source controls and providing international context.