Rates and Forcing of Marsh Edge Erosion in a Shallow Coastal Bay

• Published in: Estuaries and coasts Vol. 38; no. 2; pp. 620 - 638
• Main Authors: McLoughlin, Sean M, Wiberg, Patricia L, Safak, Ilgar, McGlathery, Karen J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston Springer-Verlag 01.03.2015; Springer Science+Business Media; Springer US; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aerial photography; Coastal Sciences; coasts; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecology; energy flow; Environment; Environmental Management; Erosion rates; Estuaries; Fluctuations; Freshwater & Marine Ecology; Marine; Salt marshes; Sea level; Sea level rise; Shorelines; Soil erosion; Water and Health; water power; Wave energy; Wetlands; Virginia; ANW, USA, Virginia; Shoreline change; Virginia Coast Reserve; Marsh edge; Shallow coastal bays; Wave power; Coastal erosion
• ISSN: 1559-2723; 1559-2731
• DOI: 10.1007/s12237-014-9841-2

Salt marshes can experience a significant land loss through erosion and retreat of their perimeter edges. Rates of shoreline change between 1957 and 2007 were determined for four salt marshes in a Virginia coastal bay using aerial photographs and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). High average rates of lateral erosion of 1.0–1.6 m year⁻¹were found at three marshes, while the edge of the fourth marsh, along the mainland edge of the bay, remained stable. Erosion rates were temporally consistent during the 50-year period at the three eroding sites, although there was a significant spatial variation in rates of change along the length of the edges at these sites. A simple parametric wave model and the SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) spectral wave model were used to calculate incident wave energy flux along the marsh boundaries at each of the sites. Values of wave energy flux agreed fairly well between the two models but are sensitive to the manner in which wave energy flux is calculated. A stronger relationship was found between wave energy flux and volumetric erosion rates along the marsh edges than with lateral erosion rates. This is an important consideration when examining the effects of future sea level rise on marsh loss.