A Look Inside: Oral Sampling for Detection of Non-oral Infectious Diseases

Efforts to control transmissible infectious diseases rely on the ability to screen large populations, ideally in community settings. These efforts can be limited by the requirement for invasive or logistically difficult collection of patient samples, such as blood, urine, stool, sputum, and nasophar...

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Published inJournal of clinical microbiology Vol. 59; no. 10; p. e0236020
Main Authors Valinetz, Ethan D, Cangelosi, Gerard A
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States American Society for Microbiology 20.09.2021
Subjects
Child
Clinical Microbiology
Communicable Diseases - diagnosis
COVID-19
Humans
Minireview
SARS-CoV-2
Specimen Handling
Sputum
screening
swabs
tuberculosis
diagnosis
malaria
parvovirus
COVID-19
saliva
SARS-CoV-2
HIV
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
pediatric infectious disease
respiratory disease
hepatitis C virus
human immunodeficiency virus
HCV
Pneumocystis
respiratory diseases
Ebola
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Summary:Efforts to control transmissible infectious diseases rely on the ability to screen large populations, ideally in community settings. These efforts can be limited by the requirement for invasive or logistically difficult collection of patient samples, such as blood, urine, stool, sputum, and nasopharyngeal swabs. Oral sampling is an appealing, noninvasive alternative that could greatly facilitate high-throughput sampling in community settings. Oral sampling has been described for the detection of dozens of human pathogens, including pathogens whose primary sites of infection are outside of the oral cavity, such as the respiratory pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. Oral sampling can demonstrate active infections as well as resolving or previous infections, the latter through the detection of antibodies. Its potential applications are diverse, including improved diagnosis in special populations (e.g., children), population surveillance, and infectious disease screening. In this minireview, we address the use of oral samples for the detection of diseases that primarily manifest outside the oral cavity. Focusing on well-supported examples, we describe applications for such methods and highlight their potential advantages and limitations in medicine, public health, and research.
Bibliography:Citation Valinetz ED, Cangelosi GA, 2021. A look inside: oral sampling for detection of non-oral infectious diseases. J Clin Microbiol 59:e02360-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02360-20.
ISSN:0095-1137
1098-660X
DOI:10.1128/JCM.02360-20