Chloroplast Lipids and Their Biosynthesis

Chloroplasts contain high amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and low levels of the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG). The mostly extraplastidial lipid phosphatidylc...

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Published inAnnual review of plant biology Vol. 70; no. 1; pp. 51 - 81
Main Authors Hölzl, Georg, Dörmann, Peter
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Annual Reviews 29.04.2019
Annual Reviews, Inc
Subjects
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis Proteins
Biosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
Degradation
Deprivation
Drought
Endoplasmic reticulum
Environmental degradation
Esters
fatty acid
Fatty acids
Freezing
galactolipid
Lecithin
Lipids
Membranes
phosphate deprivation
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylglycerol
phospholipid
Phospholipid degradation
Phospholipids
Photosynthesis
Senescence
sulfolipid
Thylakoid membranes
Thylakoids
galactolipid
fatty acid
phospholipid
photosynthesis
sulfolipid
phosphate deprivation
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Summary:Chloroplasts contain high amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and low levels of the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG). The mostly extraplastidial lipid phosphatidylcholine is found only in the outer envelope. Chloroplasts are the major site for fatty acid synthesis. In Arabidopsis , a certain proportion of glycerolipids is entirely synthesized in the chloroplast (prokaryotic lipids). Fatty acids are also exported to the endoplasmic reticulum and incorporated into lipids that are redistributed to the chloroplast (eukaryotic lipids). MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, and PG establish the thylakoid membranes and are integral constituents of the photosynthetic complexes. Phosphate deprivation induces phospholipid degradation accompanied by the increase in DGDG, SQDG, and GlcADG. During freezing and drought stress, envelope membranes are stabilized by the conversion of MGDG into oligogalactolipids. Senescence and chlorotic stress lead to lipid and chlorophyll degradation and the deposition of acyl and phytyl moieties as fatty acid phytyl esters.
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ISSN:1543-5008
1545-2123
DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100202