The Force of Fear: Police Stereotype Threat, Self-Legitimacy, and Support for Excessive Force

• Published in: Law and human behavior Vol. 43; no. 5; pp. 421 - 435
• Main Authors: Trinkner, Rick, Kerrison, Erin M., Goff, Phillip Atiba
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Educational Publishing Foundation 01.10.2019
• Subjects: Coercion; Fear; Fear - psychology; Female; Human; Humans; Male; Police - psychology; Police Personnel; Policy Making; Racial and Ethnic Differences; Racism - psychology; Self Concept; Social Perception; Stereotyped Attitudes; Stereotyping; Surveys and Questionnaires; Test Construction; Threat; Urban Population; Violence; Violence - psychology; self-legitimacy; police; stereotype threat; procedural justice; use of force
• ISSN: 0147-7307; 1573-661X
• DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000339

Researchers have linked police officers' concerns with appearing racist-a kind of stereotype threat-to racial disparities in the use of force. This study presents the first empirical test of the hypothesized psychological mechanism linking stereotype threat to police support for violence. We hypothesized that stereotype threat undermines officers' self-legitimacy, or the confidence they have in their inherent authority, encouraging overreliance on coercive policing to maintain control. Officers (n = 784) from the patrol division of a large urban police force completed a survey in order to test this hypothesis. Respondents completed measures of stereotype threat, self-legitimacy, resistance to use of force policy, approval of unreasonable force, and endorsement of procedurally fair policing. Structural equation models showed that elevated stereotype threat was associated with lower self-legitimacy (β = −.15), which in turn was associated with more resistance to restrictions on force (β = −.17), greater approval of unreasonable force (β = −.31), and lower endorsement of fair policing (β = .57). These results reveal that concerns about appearing racist are actually associated with increased support for coercive policing-potentially further eroding public trust. Public Significance Statement This study links police officers' concerns with appearing racist when interacting with community members to diminished confidence in their legitimate authority and greater support for coercive policing. In this respect, negative stereotypes of police officers can potentially undermine officer morale and public safety.