Eukaryotic Microproteins

Microproteins are polypeptides of 100–150 amino acids or fewer that have not been annotated by genome annotation consortia, given their small size and other noncanonical properties. Translated microproteins are now known to number in the thousands in the human genome, to function in critical cellula...

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Published inAnnual review of biochemistry Vol. 94; no. 1; pp. 1 - 28
Main Authors Jaunbocus, Nadiya, Ebenki, Valerie, Su, Haomiao, Slavoff, Sarah A
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Annual Reviews 20.06.2025
Subjects
Animals
Humans
Micropeptides
microprotein
Open Reading Frames
Peptides - chemistry
Peptides - genetics
Peptides - metabolism
Protein Biosynthesis
Ribosomes - genetics
Ribosomes - metabolism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - genetics
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - metabolism
small open reading frame
smORF
small open reading frame
smORF
microprotein
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Summary:Microproteins are polypeptides of 100–150 amino acids or fewer that have not been annotated by genome annotation consortia, given their small size and other noncanonical properties. Translated microproteins are now known to number in the thousands in the human genome, to function in critical cellular and physiological processes, and to be dysregulated or mutated in diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Knowledge about microproteins has rapidly accumulated since the advent of ribosome profiling enabled their global discovery 15 years ago. In this review, we summarize what is known about eukaryotic microprotein discovery, the sequences and expression mechanisms of small open reading frames, and microprotein functions from yeast to human.
ISSN:0066-4154
1545-4509
DOI:10.1146/annurev-biochem-080124-012840