Fractional crystallization of garnet in alkali basalts at >1.8 GPa and implications for geochemical diversity of Large Igneous Provinces

• Published in: Lithos Vol. 460-461; p. 107397
• Main Authors: Hole, M.J., Pugsley, J.H., Jolley, D.W., Millett, J.M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.12.2023
• Subjects: Basalt; Garnet fractionation; Mull; Petrogenesis; Petrology; Pressure; Garnet fractionation; Basalt; Petrology; Mull; Pressure; Petrogenesis
• ISSN: 0024-4937; 1872-6143
• DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107397

A suite of lavas from northwest Mull, British Palaeocene Igneous Province, exhibit major and trace element characteristics that are best explained by very high pressure (>1.8 GPa) crystallization of an assemblage comprising aluminous clinopyroxene (Al-Cpx) plus garnet. The resulting series of consanguineous magmas are mildly Si-undersaturated. The trace element effects of this crystallizing assemblage are manifested in increasing light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment and heavy REE (HREE) depletion with decreasing whole-rock MgO, a predictable consequence of the bulk distribution coefficient (D) of this assemblage being > > 1 for HREE but <<1 for the LREE. Early crystallization of Al-Cpx and replacement of plagioclase feldspar by garnet in the crystallizing assemblage also results in increasing or near constant Al2O3 abundances in cotectic compositions with MgO < ∼7 wt%. Garnet as opposed to plagioclase crystallization is also reflected in the incompatibility of Sr and compatibility of Y resulting in very high Sr/Y lavas (up to 100) with high Sr (∼1200 ppm) and low Y contents (∼12 ppm). Lavas also have high Zr/Y (up to 30). Major element constraints suggest the crystallizing assemblage comprised ∼40% garnet and 60% Al-Cpx. Magmas that fractionated at ∼1.8 GPa rose to the surface without interacting with the continental crust. Immediately underlying basalts and picrites show evidence of crustal contamination and assimilated fusible portions of the crust, therefore effectively lining the plumbing system and allowing later magmas to rise to the surface without crustal contamination. A local change in tectonic regime from extension to passive appears to be linked to a change from low pressure to very high-pressure crystallization of magmas. Whilst evidence for garnet fractionation in continental flood basalts is very rare, this paper provides a characterization of its geochemical consenquences. •New geochemical data has been collected for lavas from north Mull, Scotland.•REE patterns are explained by fractional crystallization of garnet+pyroxene.•This requires crystallization at base-lithospheric depth or ∼ 1.8 GPa.•These observations are consistent with laboratory melting experiments.•Pressure of crystallization is tectonically controlled.