Bromide Ion Effect on N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation by Monochloramine

• Published in: Environmental science & technology Vol. 46; no. 9; pp. 5085 - 5092
• Main Authors: Luh, Jeanne, Mariñas, Benito J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Chemical Society 01.05.2012
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Bromides - chemistry; Chemical compounds; Chloramines - chemistry; Dimethylamines - chemistry; Dimethylnitrosamine - chemistry; Disinfection; Drinking Water - chemistry; Drinking water and swimming-pool water. Desalination; Exact sciences and technology; Ions; Nonnative species; Pollution; Water treatment and pollution; Drinking water treatment; Emerging contaminant; Chlorination; Nitrosamine; Reaction product; Pollutant formation; Tosylchloramide sodium; Disinfection; Secondary pollutant; Mutagen; Precursor; Carcinogen; Amine; Bromides; Organic compounds
• ISSN: 0013-936X; 1520-5851
• DOI: 10.1021/es300077x

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation experiments conducted in phosphate buffer demonstrated that in waters containing monochloramine, the presence of bromide ion enhanced NDMA formation at the relatively high pH values of 8 and 9 after 24 h of reaction time, which was consistent with literature results. However, at relatively low to neutral pH (6 to 7), the presence of bromide resulted in lower NDMA formation as compared to results obtained in the absence of bromide. The hypothesis that bromamines were the species directly responsible for enhanced NDMA formation at high pH was tested and was shown not to be valid. Additional active bromine species were also tested, including hypobromous acid, hypobromite ion, and tribromide ion, with no species showing an ability to directly enhance NDMA formation. Analysis of the UV spectral data corresponding to the NDMA experiments suggest that the mechanism by which bromide enhances NDMA formation lies in the formation of a haloamine compound, possibly the mixed dihaloamine bromochloramine.