Analysis of Air Pollution Data in India between 2015 and 2019

• Published in: Aerosol and Air Quality Research Vol. 22; no. 2; pp. 1 - 20+ap1-23-004
• Main Authors: Sharma, Disha, Mauzerall, Denise
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Taoyuan City 社團法人台灣氣膠研究學會 01.02.2022; Taiwan Association of Aerosol Research
• Subjects: Air monitoring; Air pollution; Air quality; Air quality control; Air quality standards; Annual variations; Atmospheric models; Datasets; Diplomatic & consular services; Environmental monitoring; Environmental policy; Evaluation; Hammers; Indian spacecraft; Mitigation; Nitrogen dioxide; Outdoor air quality; Particulate matter; Particulate pollution; Pollutants; Pollution control; Pollution monitoring; Sulfur dioxide; United States > US; India; Air pollution; CPCB; surface observations; continuous and manual data; US AirNow; India
• ISSN: 1680-8584; 2071-1409
• DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.210204

India suffers from among the worst air pollution in the world. In response, a large government effort to increase air quality monitoring is underway. We present the first comprehensive analysis of government air quality observations from 2015-2019 for PM_(10), PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and O_3 from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (CAAQM) network and the manual National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP), as well as PM_(2.5) from the US Air-Now network. We address inconsistencies and data gaps in datasets using a rigorous procedure to ensure data representativeness. We find particulate pollution dominates the pollution mix across India with virtually all sites in northern India (divided at 23.5°N) exceeding the annual average PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) residential national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) by 150% and 100% respectively, and in southern India exceeding the PM_(10) standard by 50% and the PM_(2.5) standard by 40%. Annual average SO_2, NO_2 and MDA8 O_3 generally meet the residential NAAQS across India. Northern India has (~10%-130%) higher concentrations of all pollutants than southern India, with only SO_2 having similar concentrations. Although inter-annual variability exists, we found no significant trend of these pollutants over the five-year period. In the five cities with Air-Now PM_(2.5) measurements - Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Chennai, there is reasonable agreement with CPCB data. The PM_(2.5) CPCB CAAQM data compares well with satellite derived annual surface PM_(2.5) concentrations (Hammer et al., 2020), with the exception of the western desert region prior to 2018 when surface measurements exceeded satellite retrievals. Our reanalyzed dataset is useful for evaluation of Indian air quality from satellite data, atmospheric models, and low-cost sensors. Our dataset also provides a baseline to evaluate the future success of National Clean Air Programme as well as aids in assessment of existing and future air pollution mitigation policies.