Typologies, Typifications, and Types

• Published in: Annual review of anthropology Vol. 49; no. 1; pp. 193 - 208
• Main Author: Sadre-Orafai, Stephanie
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Palo Alto Annual Reviews 21.10.2020; Annual Reviews, Inc
• Subjects: Anthropology; categories; classification; epistemology; Ethics; ethnography; expertise; Language typology; Politics; representation; Sociocultural factors; Translation; Typology
• ISSN: 0084-6570; 1545-4290
• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011235

This article positions types at the center of anthropological knowledge production, considering them both from the abstract, analytical perspective of expert typologies and from the tacit, phenomenological perspective of everyday practices of typification. Proposing what an "anthropology of types," broadly construed and across these two scales, might look like, I examine the histories and uses of types and typological thinking in anthropology, highlighting the empirical, analytical, methodological, ethical, and political questions they have raised. I then describe the phenomenological foundations of typification, how sociocultural and linguistic anthropologists have approached it, and the accompanying challenges related to translation and representation. Finally, I review ethnographies of expert practices of type production, tracing the circuit of typification-typology-type and back again to show how forms of expertise institutionalize lay knowledge in ways that further solidify the misrecognition of types as natural, and examine visual and arts-based interventions that draw attention to these processes.