Highly Active and Dispersed Pd Nanoparticles Stabilized by Lacunary Phosphomolybdate: Synthesis, Characterization, and Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to γ‑Valerolactone

• Published in: Inorganic chemistry Vol. 62; no. 18; pp. 6970 - 6980
• Main Authors: Patel, Anjali, Patel, Jay, Pathan, Soyeb
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 08.05.2023
• ISSN: 0020-1669; 1520-510X
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00205

In the current scenario, one of the crucial reaction conversions is the synthesis of renewable biofuels and value-added chemicals from the hydrogenation of biomass. Therefore, in the present work, we are proposing aqueous phase conversion of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone via hydrogenation using formic acid as a sustainable green hydrogen source over a sustainable heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst based on Pd nanoparticles stabilized by lacunary phosphomolybdate (PMo11Pd) was designed for the same and characterized by EDX, FT-IR, 31P NMR, powder XRD, XPS, TEM, HRTEM, and HAADF-STEM analyses. A detailed optimization study was done to achieve maximum conversion (95% conversion), using a very small amount of Pd (1.879 × 10–3 mmol) with notable TON (2585) at 200 °C in 6 h. The regenerated catalyst was found to be workable (reusable) up to three cycles without any change in activity. Also, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. The catalyst exhibits superior activity against reported catalysts.