Principles of Fermentation Technology (3rd Edition)

• Main Authors: Stanbury, Peter F., Whitaker, Allan, Hall, Stephen J.
• Format: eBook Book
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, U.K Elsevier 2017; Butterworth Heinemann; Elsevier Science & Technology; Butterworth-Heinemann
• Edition: 3
• Subjects: Fermentation; Food Science; Manufacture & Processing

The successful structure of the previous edition of this book has been retained in this third edition, which covers the key component parts of a fermentation process including growth kinetics, strain isolation and improvement, inocula development, fermentation media, fermenter design and operation,...

Table of Contents:

• Title Page Table of Contents 1. An Introduction to Fermentation Processes 2. Microbial Growth Kinetics 3. The Isolation and Improvement of Industrially Important Microorganisms 4. Media for Industrial Fermentations 5. Sterilization 6. Culture Preservation and Inoculum Development 7. Design of a Fermenter 8. Instrumentation and Control 9. Aeration and Agitation 10. The Recovery and Purification of Fermentation Products 11. Effluent Treatment 12. The Production of Heterologous Proteins Index
• Selection of induced mutants synthesizing improved levels of primary metabolites -- Isolation of Corynebacterium glutamicum and the role of permeability in the glutamate fermentation -- Isolation of mutants that do not produce feedback inhibitors or repressors -- Isolation of mutants that do not recognize the presence of inhibitors and repressors -- The use of recombination systems for the improvement of primary metabolite production -- Transduction, transformation, and protoplast fusion -- Recombinant DNA technology -- Postgenomic era-the influence of genomics, transcriptomics, and fluxomics on the improvement of primary metabolite producers -- Application of genomics -- Application of transcriptomics -- Application of metabolic flux analysis and a systems biology approach -- Improvement of strains producing secondary biosynthetic products -- Isolation of mutants producing improved yields of secondary metabolites -- The empirical approach -- Use of directed selection in the isolation of improved secondary metabolite producers -- Use of recombination systems for the improvement of secondary metabolite production -- The application of the parasexual cycle -- Protoplast fusion -- Recombinant DNA technology -- Postgenomic era-the influence of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics on the improvement of secondary metabolite producers -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 - Media for industrial fermentations -- Introduction -- Typical media -- Medium formulation -- Water -- Energy sources -- Carbon sources -- Factors influencing the choice of carbon source -- Examples of commonly used carbon sources -- Carbohydrates -- Oils and fats -- Hydrocarbons and their derivatives -- Other carbon sources -- Nitrogen sources -- Examples of commonly used nitrogen sources -- Factors influencing the choice of nitrogen source -- Minerals -- Chelators -- Growth factors
• Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 - An introduction to fermentation processes -- The range of fermentation processes -- Microbial biomass -- Microbial enzymes -- Microbial metabolites -- Recombinant products -- Transformation processes -- The chronological development of the fermentation industry -- The component parts of a fermentation process -- References -- Chapter 2 - Microbial growth kinetics -- Batch culture -- Exponential phase -- Deceleration and stationary phases -- Continuous culture -- Multistage systems -- Feedback systems -- Internal feedback -- External feedback -- Comparison of batch and continuous culture in industrial processes -- Biomass productivity -- Metabolite productivity -- Continuous brewing -- Continuous culture and biomass production -- Comparison of batch and continuous culture as investigative tools -- Fed-batch culture -- Variable volume fed-batch culture -- Fixed volume fed-batch culture -- Fed-batch culture at a constant specific growth rate -- Cyclic fed-batch culture -- Application of fed-batch culture -- Examples of the use of fed-batch culture -- References -- Chapter 3 - The isolation and improvement of industrially important microorganisms -- Isolation of industrially important microorganisms -- Isolation methods utilizing selection of the desired characteristic -- Enrichment liquid culture -- Enrichment cultures using solidified media -- Isolation methods not utilizing selection of the desired characteristic-from the "Waksman platform" to the 1990s -- Screening methods and high throughput screening -- Return of natural products -- Broadening the base of the discovery process and maximizing gene expression -- Improvement of industrial microorganisms -- Improvement of strains producing primary biosynthetic products
• Needle valves -- Plug valves -- Ball valves -- Butterfly valves -- Pinch valves -- Diaphragm valves -- Most suitable valve -- Check valves -- Pressure-control valves -- Pressure-reduction valves -- Pressure-retaining valves -- Safety valves -- Steam traps -- Complete loss of contents from a fermenter -- Testing new fermenters -- Scale-up of fermenters -- Other fermentation vessels -- Waldhof-type fermenter -- Acetators and cavitators -- Tower or bubble column fermenter -- Cylindro-conical vessels -- Air-lift fermenters -- Deep-jet fermenter -- Cyclone column -- Packed towers, biofilters, and other fixed film processes -- Solid-state fermenters -- Membrane fermenters -- Single use and disposable fermenters -- Animal cell culture -- Stirred fermenters -- Air-lift fermenters -- Radial flow fermenters -- Microcarriers -- Encapsulation -- Hollow fiber chambers -- Packed glass bead reactors -- Perfusion cultures -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 - Instrumentation and control -- Introduction -- Methods of measuring process variables -- Temperature -- Mercury-in-glass thermometers -- Electrical resistance thermometers -- Thermistors -- Temperature control -- Flow measurement and control -- Gases -- Liquids -- Pressure measurement -- Pressure control -- Safety valves -- Agitator shaft power -- Rate of stirring -- Foam sensing and control -- Weight -- Microbial biomass -- Measurement and control of dissolved oxygen -- Inlet and exit-gas analysis -- pH measurement and control -- Redox -- Carbon dioxide electrodes -- On-line analysis of other chemical factors -- Chemical and ion-specific sensors -- Enzyme and microbial electrodes (biosensors) -- Near infrared spectroscopy -- Mass spectrometers -- Control systems -- Manual control -- Automatic control -- Two-position controllers (ON/OFF) -- Proportional control -- Integral control
• Inoculum development -- Criteria for the transfer of inoculum -- Development of inocula for animal cell processes -- Development of inocula for yeast processes -- Baker's yeast -- Brewing -- Fuel ethanol -- Development of inocula for unicellular bacterial processes -- Development of inocula for mycelial processes -- Sporulation on solidified media -- Sporulation on solid media -- Sporulation in submerged culture -- Use of the spore inoculum -- Inoculum development for vegetative fungi -- Effect of the inoculum on the morphology of filamentous organisms in submerged culture -- Effect of the spore inoculum on mycelial morphology -- Effect of the medium design on mycelial morphology -- Effect of medium additives on mycelial morphology -- Aseptic inoculation of plant fermenters -- Inoculation from a laboratory fermenter or a spore suspension vessel -- Inoculation of disposable reactors and use of disposable connectors -- Inoculation from a plant fermenter -- References -- Chapter 7 - Design of a fermenter -- Introduction -- Basic functions of a fermenter -- Aseptic operation and containment -- Fermenter body construction -- Construction materials -- Temperature control -- Aeration and agitation -- Agitator (impeller) -- Stirrer glands and bearings -- Stuffing box (Packed-gland seal) -- Mechanical seal -- Magnetic drives -- Baffles -- Aeration system (sparger) -- Porous sparger -- Orifice sparger -- Nozzle sparger -- Combined sparger-agitator -- Achievement and maintenance of aseptic conditions -- Sterilization of the fermenter -- Sterilization of the air supply -- Sterilization of the exhaust gas from a fermenter -- Addition of inoculum, nutrients, and other supplements -- Sampling -- Feed ports -- Sensor probes -- Foam control -- Monitoring and control of various parameters -- Valves and steam traps -- Gate valves -- Globe valves -- Piston valves
• Nutrient recycle -- Buffers -- The addition of precursors and metabolic regulators to media -- Precursors -- Inhibitors -- Inducers -- Oxygen requirements -- Fast metabolism -- Rheology -- Antifoams -- Medium optimization -- Animal cell media -- The development of basal media -- Serum-free, animal-component free, protein-free, and chemically defined media -- Protein hydrolysates -- Insulin -- Transferrins -- Albumin -- Osmolality -- pH -- Nonnutritional media supplements -- References -- Chapter 5 - Sterilization -- Introduction -- Medium sterilization -- Design of batch sterilization processes -- Calculation of the Del factor during heating and cooling -- Calculation of the holding time at constant temperature -- Richards' rapid method for the design of sterilization cycles -- Scale up and optimization of a batch sterilization process -- An alternative approach to sterilization kinetics: D, Z, and F values -- Variation in the values of sterilization kinetic "constants" -- Methods of batch sterilization -- Design of continuous sterilization processes -- Sterilization of the fermenter -- Sterilization of the feeds -- Sterilization of liquid wastes -- Sterilization by filtration -- Theory of nonfixed pore or depth filters -- Filter sterilization of liquids -- Sterilization of the fermentation medium -- Sterilization of fermenter feeds -- Sizing of filters for liquid sterilization -- Filter sterilization of fermenter inlet air -- Sterilization of fermenter exhaust air -- Vessel vent filters -- References -- Chapter 6 - Culture preservation and inoculum development -- Preservation of industrially important cell cultures and microorganisms -- Storage at reduced temperature -- Storage on agar slopes -- Cryopreservation-storage below −135°C -- Storage in a dehydrated form -- Dried cultures -- Lyophilization -- Quality control of preserved stock cultures
• Derivative control