Aberrant "Default Mode" Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia

• Published in: The American journal of psychiatry Vol. 164; no. 3; pp. 450 - 457
• Main Authors: Garrity, Abigail G., Pearlson, Godfrey D., McKiernan, Kristen, Lloyd, Dan, Kiehl, Kent A., Calhoun, Vince D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association 01.03.2007
• Subjects: Acoustic Stimulation; Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Auditory Perception - physiology; Behavior; Biological and medical sciences; Brain; Brain - physiopathology; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex - physiopathology; Discrimination (Psychology) - physiology; Female; Functional Laterality - physiology; Gyrus Cinguli - physiopathology; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - statistics & numerical data; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways - physiopathology; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Parahippocampal Gyrus - physiology; Perceptual Masking - physiology; Principal Component Analysis; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Psychoses; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - diagnosis; Schizophrenia - physiopathology; Schizophrenic Psychology; Severity of Illness Index; Psychosis; Schizophrenia
• ISSN: 0002-953X; 1535-7228
• DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.450

Objective: The "default mode" has been defined as a baseline condition of brain function and is of interest because its component brain regions are believed to be abnormal in schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that the default mode network would show abnormal activation and connectivity in patients with schizophrenia. Method: Patients with schizophrenia (N=21) and healthy comparison subjects (N=22) performed an auditory oddball task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Independent component analysis was used to identify the default mode component. Differences in the spatial and temporal aspects of the default mode network were examined in patients versus comparison subjects. Results: Healthy comparison subjects and patients had significant spatial differences in the default mode network, most notably in the frontal, anterior cingulate, and parahippocampal gyri. In addition, activity in patients in the medial frontal, temporal, and cingulate gyri correlated with severity of positive symptoms. The patients also showed significantly higher frequency fluctuations in the temporal evolution of the default mode. Conclusions: Schizophrenia is associated with altered temporal frequency and spatial location of the default mode network. The authors hypothesized that this network may be under- or overmodulated by key regions, including the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. In addition, the altered temporal fluctuations in patients may result from a change in the connectivity of these regions with other brain networks.