Fast Equivalent Micro-Scale Pipe Network Representation of Rock Fractures Obtained by Computed Tomography for Fluid Flow Simulations

• Published in: Rock mechanics and rock engineering Vol. 54; no. 2; pp. 937 - 953
• Main Authors: Xiong, Feng, Jiang, Qinghui, Xu, Chaoshui
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Vienna Springer Vienna 01.02.2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Civil Engineering; Computation; Computational fluid dynamics; Computed tomography; Computer applications; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Eddies; Equivalence; Finite volume method; Flow simulation; Flow velocity; Fluid flow; Fractures; Friction; Friction factor; Geophysics/Geodesy; High flow; Image processing; Intersections; Nonlinear systems; Nonlinearity; Original Paper; Permeability; Pipe flow; Rock masses; Rocks; Sandstone; Sedimentary rocks; Tomography; Tortuosity; Fractured rocks; Rock permeability; Computed tomography; Equivalent pipe network model; Nonlinear flow simulation
• ISSN: 0723-2632; 1434-453X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00603-020-02284-z

Fractures in rocks often provide preferential fluid migration pathways and their geometrical properties are the main factors influencing the permeability of the rock mass. By taking into account the complex geometries of rock fractures, including tortuous features, highly variable fracture apertures, rough fracture wall surfaces and complex fracture intersections, a highly effective approach is proposed in this work to investigate the behaviour of fluid flows in laboratory-scale fractured rocks. The computed tomography (CT) scanning was used to capture the micro-structures of non-planar fractures in a sandstone specimen. An image processing method was then developed to extract the three-dimensional fracture network. The fractures and fracture network were represented using an equivalent pipe network model, taking into consideration the complex geometries mentioned above. The nonlinear flow is incorporated into the model through the consideration of a friction factor in the pipe flow method (PFM). The absolute difference of the derived permeability between PFM and finite volume method (FVM) is 3.45%, but the FVM needs 15 times more CPU computation time. Therefore, the proposed approach is better than FVM in terms of computational efficiency. In addition, the use of the friction factor was demonstrated to be effective and efficient to model nonlinear flow within the fracture network, where the flow nonlinearity is caused by high flow velocity and the formation of eddies in certain parts of the fracture network, leading to a decrease in the overall apparent permeability and an increase in the flow tortuosity. The proposed method was further validated against flow test data covering a wide range of linear and nonlinear flow regimes.