An innovative methodology for the adjustable use of energy line angle for susceptibility mapping by using cone propagation approach

• Published in: Landslides Vol. 21; no. 5; pp. 975 - 1001
• Main Authors: Kalender, Aycan, Sonmez, Harun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.05.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agricultural land; Agriculture; Angles (geometry); Civil Engineering; Digital Elevation Models; Distance; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Empirical analysis; Energy; Energy consumption; Geography; Mapping; Methodology; Mountain regions; Mountainous areas; Natural Hazards; Original Paper; Probabilistic analysis; Propagation; Residential areas; Rock; Rock falls; Rock mechanics; Rockfall; Rocks; Surface properties; Susceptibility; Susceptibility map; Source area map; DEM; Energy line angle; Rockfall; Cone propagation approach
• ISSN: 1612-510X; 1612-5118
• DOI: 10.1007/s10346-023-02199-0

Rockfall frequently occurs in the mountainous areas and threatens structures such as settlement areas, transportation lines, and agricultural field. The empirical approaches for rockfall mapping have been an attractive research topic in rock mechanics in the recent years, because producing rockfall maps of large areas by using the deterministic and the probabilistic analysis seems difficult due to the necessity of numerous inputs. The cone propagation approach is preferred as a practical tool particularly in the regional scale. The digital elevation model (DEM) of a region prone to rockfall is used for determination of possible propagation zones based on a simple geometric rule known as the energy line angle (reach angle). As a new term, ELA max_stop was defined to represent the energy line angle that extends to the border of the propagation zone as the maximum run-out distance that is obtained from application of the cone approach to all points (pixels) in source area. The angle denoted as α refers to the threshold slope angle of the steep areas utilized to identify potential source areas by using DEM. Conceptually, the fallen rock blocks within a rockfall-prone region stop within the cone propagation zone, which is bounded by the energy line angles α and ELA max_stop . While the value of α is susceptible to the resolution of DEM, ELA max_stop , which exhibits a wide angle range as documented in the literature, is controlled by rock block features together with slope surface properties of the propagation zone. Due to the variability of ELA max_stop and α depending on the studied region and the resolution of the DEM, the boundary value of the energy line angles between different susceptibility classes need to be adjusted by considering α and ELA max_stop . By adopting the cone propagation approach to enable adjustable use of energy line angles for rockfall susceptibility mapping, a series of graphical presentations was prepared. These graphical presentations allowed for the prediction of energy line angles corresponding to various rockfall susceptibility classes including very low, low, medium, high, and very high. In addition to the graphical presentations, a series of practical equations were derived for the same purpose. In the final part of the study, a new rating system, namely the run-out distance rating (RDR), was introduced for the preliminary determination of ELA max_stop . Due to the empirical structure of the methodology, the suggested supportive approach to the practitioners for determining ELA max_stop should be considered as an initial step that opens to improvement. The proposed methodology in this study was implemented in the regions of Kargabedir Hill and Sivrihisar residential areas in Turkey to prepare rockfall susceptibility maps.