Time-Salt Type Superposition and Salt Processing of Poly(methacrylamide) Hydrogel based on Hofmeister Series

• Published in: Macromolecules Vol. 57; no. 6; pp. 2746 - 2755
• Main Authors: Jin, Yijie, Lu, Shan, Chen, Xinran, Fang, Qianyao, Guan, Xin, Qin, Liguo, Chen, Chongyi, Zhao, Chuanzhuang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: American Chemical Society 26.03.2024
• Subjects: electrolytes; glass transition; hydrogels; molecular dynamics; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polymers; separation
• ISSN: 0024-9297; 1520-5835; 1520-5835
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02395

Breakthrough to the extreme properties of polymer networks relies on new insights into their molecular dynamics. Time-salt concentration superposition has been discovered in polyelectrolyte coacervate systems, proving instrumental in tuning the mechanical performance of polyelectrolyte hydrogels. However, time-salt type superposition has never been mentioned in the existing literature. Herein, we reported that the mechanical properties of poly­(methacrylamide) (PMAm) hydrogel can be systematically regulated in a vast range by treating with different salts, for example, Young’s modulus can be tuned from 10–2 to 103 MPa. The unusual behavior of salt-stiffening arises from the salt-enhanced phase separation of the polymer network and a subsequent glassy transition of the polymer-rich phase. Rheological results demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of the hydrogels can be superposed onto “time-salt type” master curves with the salt types aligning along the Hofmeister series. The time-salt type shift factor exhibits correlation with the mobility of water molecules as revealed by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A polymer–water–salt ternary interaction mechanism was proposed to elucidate the time-salt type equivalent behavior. Guided by the “time-salt type” superposition principle, a salt processing strategy was brought up to expand the property limits of the PMAm hydrogel. With simply switching the type of salt employed, the hydrogel could either be a stiff and wear-resistant material akin to glassy plastics or a soft and flowable gel utilizable for recycling.