Stepwise Ordering of Imidazolium-Based Cationic Surfactants during Cooling-Induced Crystallization

• Published in: Langmuir Vol. 28; no. 19; pp. 7350 - 7359
• Main Authors: Wu, Fu-Gen, Yu, Ji-Sheng, Sun, Shu-Feng, Sun, Hai-Yuan, Luo, Jun-Jie, Yu, Zhi-Wu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 15.05.2012
• Subjects: Cations - chemistry; Crystallization - methods; Electric Conductivity; Micelles; Microscopy, Electron; Surface-Active Agents - chemistry
• ISSN: 0743-7463; 1520-5827
• DOI: 10.1021/la300739x

Surfactants bearing imidazolium cations represent a new class of building blocks in molecular self-assembly. These imidazolium-based cationic surfactants can exhibit various morphologies during phase transformations. In this work, we studied the self-assembly and phase behavior of 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C16mimCl) aqueous dispersions (0.5–10 wt %) by using isothermal titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, freeze–fracture electron microscopy, optical microscopy, electrical conductance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that C16mimCl in aqueous solutions can form two different crystalline phases. At higher C16mimCl concentrations (>6 wt %), the initial spherical micelles convert directly to the stable crystalline phase upon cooling. At lower concentrations (0.5 or 1 wt %), the micelles first convert to a metastable crystalline phase upon cooling and then transform to the stable crystalline phase upon further incubation at low temperature. The electrical conductance measurement reveals that the two crystalline phases have similar surface charge densities and surface curvatures. Besides, the microscopic and spectroscopic investigations of the two crystalline phases suggest that the metastable crystalline phase has preassembled morphology and a preordered submolecular packing state that contribute to the final stable crystalline structure. The formation of a preordered structure prior to the final crystalline state deepens our understanding of the crystallization mechanisms of common surfactants and amphiphilic ionic liquids and should thus be widely recognized and explored.