Cathodoluminescence textures and trace elements in quartz: Constraints on Ag mineralization in adularia-sericite epithermal systems

• Published in: The American mineralogist Vol. 110; no. 6; pp. 866 - 885
• Main Authors: Gao, Shen, Zou, Xinyu, Hofstra, Albert H., Huang, Liangliang, Yang, Haijun, Qin, Kezhang, Marsh, Erin E., Hui, Kaixuan, Xu, Jing, Wang, Le, Li, Zhenzhen, Zhao, Junxing, Han, Ri, Li, Guangming
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington Mineralogical Society of America 01.06.2025; Walter de Gruyter GmbH
• Subjects: adularia-sericite; Ag mineralization; Base metal; Boiling; Cathodoluminescence; Chemical composition; Cooling; Crystallization; Crystals; Electron paramagnetic resonance; Electron spin; Electron spin resonance; Electrons; epithermal; ESR; Fluid inclusions; Heavy metals; Hydrothermal deposits; Lattice vacancies; Metal sulfides; Mineralization; Quartz; Quartz crystals; Resonance; Room temperature; Spin resonance; Sulfides; Trace elements
• ISSN: 0003-004X; 1945-3027
• DOI: 10.2138/am-2024-9415

Quartz chemistry is important for revealing fluid sources and evolution in hydrothermal deposits, but such information is lacking for many epithermal systems and deposit types. To investigate quartz chemistry in this system further, we collected representative samples of quartz from adularia-sericite epithermal Ag deposits in China and determined their chemical compositions. In adularia-sericite epithermal Ag-bearing systems, magmatic quartz from porphyry intrusions and host subvolcanic rocks displays SEM-CL spectral peaks at 360 and 415 nm and exhibits homogenous CL or weak zonal textures (alternating growth zones within individual quartz crystals). Trace elements in magmatic quartz have the lowest Sb concentrations (median = 0.1 ppm; n = 80). Hydrothermal quartz can be classified into type I and type II by CL false color and CL spectral peaks. Hydrothermal type I quartz has spectral peaks at 360 and 415 nm; it exhibits zonal or sector textures and is associated with base metal sulfides and minor Ag mineralization. Such hydrothermal type I quartz has low Sb concentrations (median = 4.5 ppm; n = 839), contains liquid-rich fluid inclusions, and is formed by cooling. The cooling trend is indicated by a positive correlation between the concentrations of Sb and Al, as well as between Li and Al. Hydrothermal type I quartz has an Fe center by electron spin resonance, whereas other centers are missing or weak at room temperature. In general, hydrothermal type II quartz mantles type I quartz. Hydrothermal type II quartz has an ultrahigh-intensity peak (by several orders of magnitude) at 580 nm, zonal textures, and is associated with abundant Ag mineralization. Hydrothermal type II quartz has the highest Sb concentrations (median = 71 ppm; n = 185), which remain constant as Al decreases on an Sb vs. Al plot. This quartz has colloform, bladed, or zonal textures and contains coexisting liquid- and vapor-rich fluid inclusions indicative of boiling. Additionally, this quartz has a significantly higher E’1 center intensity, suggesting a high concentration of oxygen vacancies associated with rapid crystallization. The mineral paragenesis, analytical results, and geochemical models show that, in these Ag-bearing epithermal systems, hydrothermal type I quartz associated with base metal sulfides precipitated during cooling, whereas subsequent growth-zoned hydrothermal type II quartz with high Sb concentrations and Ag-minerals precipitated during boiling. These results suggest that the CL texture and spectra, trace elements, and electron spin resonance data of quartz could identify veins with potential for Ag mineralization in epithermal systems.