Iron-Substituted Lithium Titanium Spinels:  Structural and Electrochemical Characterization

• Published in: Chemistry of materials Vol. 15; no. 18; pp. 3437 - 3442
• Main Authors: Reale, P, Panero, S, Ronci, F, Rossi Albertini, V, Scrosati, B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: American Chemical Society 09.09.2003
• ISSN: 0897-4756; 1520-5002
• DOI: 10.1021/cm034122c

Iron-substituted lithium titanium spinels with stoichiometry Li4/3 - y / 3Fe y Ti5/3 - 2 y /3O4, were synthesized by a sol gel process. The attention was focused on two compositions, namely Li1.3Fe0.1Ti1.6O4 and Li1.25Fe0.25Ti1.5O4. The first spinel crystallizes in the typical Fd3̄m space group while the second adopts the P4332 symmetry. The two spinels were tested as electrodes in lithium cells. It was observed that these electrodes are capable of inserting up to 1.4−1.6 lithium ion equivalents per formula unit and to cycle reversibly 160−180mAh/g at C/5 in the 2.9−0.2 V potential range. The electrochemical responses are quite different from that of pure Li4/3Ti5/3O4, since the lithium insertion (deinsertion) processes evolve through several one-phase and two-phase steps, clearly involving the reduction (oxidation) of both titanium (IV) and iron (III) which occupy different framework positions. The electrochemical discharge mechanism of the two spinel electrodes was investigated by combining electrochemical tests with in situ diffraction measurements carried out using high-energy synchrotron radiation.