Trauma Surveillance in Cape Town, South Africa: An Analysis of 9236 Consecutive Trauma Center Admissions

• Published in: JAMA surgery Vol. 149; no. 6; pp. 549 - 556
• Main Authors: Nicol, Andrew, Knowlton, Lisa Marie, Schuurman, Nadine, Matzopoulos, Richard, Zargaran, Eiman, Cinnamon, Jonathan, Fawcett, Vanessa, Taulu, Tracey, Hameed, S. Morad
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Medical Association 01.06.2014
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Feasibility Studies; Female; Glasgow Coma Scale; Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Prospective Studies; Registries; South Africa - epidemiology; Trauma Centers - statistics & numerical data; Wounds and Injuries - epidemiology; Wounds and Injuries - therapy; South Africa
• ISSN: 2168-6254; 2168-6262
• DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.5267

IMPORTANCE Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In many low- and middle-income countries, formal trauma surveillance strategies have not yet been widely implemented. OBJECTIVE To formalize injury data collection at Groote Schuur Hospital, the chief academic hospital of the University of Cape Town, a level I trauma center, and one of the largest trauma referral hospitals in the world. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a prospective study of all trauma admissions from October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011, at Groote Schuur Hospital. A standard admission form was developed with multidisciplinary input and was used for both clinical and data abstraction purposes. Analysis of data was performed in 3 parts: demographics of injury, injury risk by location, and access to and maturity of trauma services. Geographic information science was then used to create satellite imaging of injury “hot spots” and to track referral patterns. Finally, the World Health Organization trauma system maturity index was used to evaluate the current breadth of the trauma system in place. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The demographics of trauma patients, the distribution of injury in a large metropolitan catchment, and the patterns of injury referral and patient movement within the trauma system. RESULTS The minimum 34-point data set captured relevant demographic, geographic, incident, and clinical data for 9236 patients. Data field completion rates were highly variable. An analysis of demographics of injury (age, sex, and mechanism of injury) was performed. Most violence occurred toward males (71.3%) who were younger than 40 years of age (74.6%). We demonstrated high rates of violent interpersonal injury (71.6% of intentional injury) and motor vehicle injury (18.8% of all injuries). There was a strong association between injury and alcohol use, with alcohol implicated in at least 30.1% of trauma admissions. From a systems standpoint, the data suggest a mature pattern of referral consistent with the presence of an inclusive trauma system. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The implementation of injury surveillance at Groote Schuur Hospital improved insights about injury risk based on demographics and neighborhood as well as access to service based on patterns of referral. This information will guide further development of South Africa’s already advanced trauma system.