Better Together: Tandem Mass Spectrometry Achieves up to 50 Times Lower Quantification of 62 Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

• Published in: Analytical chemistry (Washington) Vol. 96; no. 28; pp. 11226 - 11231
• Main Authors: Justen, Patrick T., Beavers, Coley A., Forster, Alexandria L. B., Richardson, Susan D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 16.07.2024
• Subjects: By products; Byproducts; Chromatography; Contaminants; Disinfectants - analysis; Disinfection; Drinking water; Drinking Water - analysis; Drinking Water - chemistry; Epidemiology; Gas chromatography; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods; Haloacetic acids; Health risks; Humans; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Scientific imaging; Tandem Mass Spectrometry - methods; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
• ISSN: 0003-2700; 1520-6882; 1520-6882
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00723

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants present in nearly all drinking water and are associated with adverse health effects in human epidemiologic studies. The most toxic DBPs are unregulated and often occur at concentrations well below regulated DBPs; thus, quantification at low parts-per-trillion (ng/L) levels is critical in assessing exposure. We developed a new liquid–liquid extraction–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LLE-GC-MS/MS) method with the first analysis by tandem gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of 23 priority unregulated DBPs including 13 haloacetamides, 3 haloacetic acids, 2 haloacetonitriles, 1 haloacetaldehyde, 2 haloketones, and 2 halonitromethanes. When combined with our previous GC-MS/MS method for haloacetic acids and previously reported MS/MS transitions that we optimized for this method, the analysis of 62 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs at lower quantification limits is achieved. Limits of quantification for most DBPs were between 5 and 30 ng/L with r 2 > 0.99 and an average of 9 times lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to LLE-GC-MS using selected ion monitoring (SIM). Relative standard deviations ranged from 0.7 to 30% for 61 DBPs in spiked samples. This new method was validated using tap waters from four US cities, where individual DBP concentrations ranged from 5 to 126,882 ng/L. This project provides the most comprehensive GC-MS/MS method for DBP analysis to date and is capable of analyzing volatile and semivolatile DBPs across nine different compound classes, including a class not previously analyzed by GC-MS/MS.