Trustworthy timestamps and certifiable clocks using logs linked by cryptographic hashes

A method and apparatus for creating and/or using trustworthy timestamps and certifiable clocks using logs linked by cryptographic hashes. In one embodiment, the method comprises maintaining a first, chained-hash log; associating a first clock with the chained-hash log, and entangling the first log;...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors Savitzky, Stephen, Piersol, Kurt
Format Patent
LanguageEnglish
Published 23.08.2011
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract A method and apparatus for creating and/or using trustworthy timestamps and certifiable clocks using logs linked by cryptographic hashes. In one embodiment, the method comprises maintaining a first, chained-hash log; associating a first clock with the chained-hash log, and entangling the first log; with a second by adding a time-stamped synchronization entry to the chained-hash log, where the synchronization entry has a second time indication associated with the second log and a hash of one or more entries in the first log.
AbstractList A method and apparatus for creating and/or using trustworthy timestamps and certifiable clocks using logs linked by cryptographic hashes. In one embodiment, the method comprises maintaining a first, chained-hash log; associating a first clock with the chained-hash log, and entangling the first log; with a second by adding a time-stamped synchronization entry to the chained-hash log, where the synchronization entry has a second time indication associated with the second log and a hash of one or more entries in the first log.
Author Piersol, Kurt
Savitzky, Stephen
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Stephen
  surname: Savitzky
  fullname: Savitzky, Stephen
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kurt
  surname: Piersol
  fullname: Piersol, Kurt
BookMark eNqNy00KwjAQQOEsdOHfHeYCQkARuxbFAxRcyjSdNqFpEjITJLdXwQO4-jbvrdUixEAr9WhzYXnFLLaCuJlYcE4MGHowlMUNDjtPYHw0E0NhF0bwcWTwLkzUQ1fB5JokjhmTdQYssiXequWAnmn3c6Pgdm0v933hhEJB-PkZvuiz1ifdHA9_JG_gkT2K
ContentType Patent
CorporateAuthor Ricoh Co., Ltd
CorporateAuthor_xml – name: Ricoh Co., Ltd
DBID EFH
DatabaseName USPTO Issued Patents
DatabaseTitleList
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: EFH
  name: USPTO Issued Patents
  url: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html
  sourceTypes: Open Access Repository
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
ExternalDocumentID 08006094
GroupedDBID EFH
ID FETCH-uspatents_grants_080060943
IEDL.DBID EFH
IngestDate Sun Mar 05 22:42:23 EST 2023
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed false
IsScholarly false
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-uspatents_grants_080060943
OpenAccessLink https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/8006094
ParticipantIDs uspatents_grants_08006094
PatentNumber 8006094
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20110823
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2011-08-23
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2011
  text: 20110823
  day: 23
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationYear 2011
References Judd et al. (6360215) 20020300
Moulton (2004/0225655) 20041100
Kime et al. (2003/0126276) 20030700
Phan et al., "Challenge; Intergrating Mobile Wireless Devices Into the Computational Grid", MOBICOM'02, Sep. 23-28, 2002, pp. 271-278.
Bergadano et al. (6574627) 20030600
Lapstun et al. (7806342) 20101000
Sugahara et al. (2004/0244039) 20041200
Bohannon et al. (5845292) 19981200
Darnell et al. (6862728) 20050300
Aldred (6236988) 20010500
Chen et al. (2003/0212677) 20031100
"ATTRIB", PC Computer Notes & Online Tutorials, http://web.archive.org/web/20021204074423/http://www.pccomputernotes.com/operating-systems/dos04.htm, Dec. 4, 2002, 5pgs.
Hofmann et al. (6687696) 20040200
Rossmann et al. (7054626) 20060500
Shannon et al. (2004/0030681) 20040200
(1622074) 20060200
King et al. (2004/0078337) 20040400
Bali et al. (2005/0091229) 20050400
Zhang (7478120) 20090100
Wu (6463427) 20021000
Blanton, "Microsoft Computer Dictionary", Microsoft Press, Fifth Edition, Jan. 22, 2002, p. 578.
Hartman, Jr. (5500897) 19960300
Schneier et al. (5978475) 19991100
Fisher et al. (7412371) 20080800
McCauley (4809158) 19890200
Howell et al. (7454521) 20081100
Lee et al. (2002/0116379) 20020800
Arai et al. (2002/0046072) 20020400
Conway et al. (7278115) 20071000
Carpentier et al. (2004/0220975) 20041100
Goatly (6009530) 19991200
Ofer et al. (2006/0218204) 20060900
Thomas (2008/0019505) 20080100
Hitz et al. (6289356) 20010900
Kloba et al. (6341316) 20020100
Tanimoto et al. (7401225) 20080700
Ulrich et al. (6754773) 20040600
Muppalaneni et al. (7203796) 20070400
Yamasaki (2007/0094467) 20070400
Bridge et al. (6125368) 20000900
Mao et al. (6546385) 20030400
Radwin (2003/0050863) 20030300
Horne et al. (2008/0104407) 20080500
Mosher (6584477) 20030600
Meunier et al. (2003/0016980) 20030100
Nagel (2005/0038756) 20050200
(WO 03071394) 20030800
Krishnamurthy (2005/0055343) 20050300
Carpentier et al. (2006/0129576) 20060600
Villella et al. (2007/0283194) 20071200
Mills, D.L.: "RFC 1305-Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation and Anaylsis." Network Working Group, University of Delaware, Obsoletes RFC-1119, RFC-1059, RFC-958, Mar. 1992; 123 pages.
Thormodsen et al. (2004/0075866) 20040400
Silvester (6631469) 20031000
Kunisa (2006/0056653) 20060300
Masutani (2003/0021677) 20030100
Maniatis, Petros et al., "Secure History Preservation through Timeline Entanglement", Aug. 2002, pp. 1-16.
Wong et al. (2005/0289187) 20051200
Takase et al. (2003/0236857) 20031200
Reynolds (2002/0055942) 20020500
Akagawa et al. (2006/0225073) 20061000
Moore (2005/0114709) 20050500
Google Search, "creating hash values as identifiers", http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=GGLD%2CGGLD % . . . h+values+as+identifiers&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs-rfai=, Apr. 7, 2010, 2 pages.
Hisashi, Toyoshima, et al., "Hysteresis Signature and its Related Technologies to Maintain Digital Evidence for Network Activities in Future Society." Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, vol. 52, 2005, pp. 191-201.
Draper et al. (6192365) 20010200
Mills, D.L.: "The Autokey Security Architecture, Protocol and Algorithms." Network Working Group, University of Delaware, Technical Report 06-1-1, Jan. 2006; 61 pages.
Reed et al. (2002/0095454) 20020700
Greene et al. (2003/0131240) 20030700
Bheemarasetti et al. (2003/0046586) 20030300
Gropper et al. (2003/0126148) 20030700
Flickr, "Photo tags", (http://web.archive.org/web/20040607054247/http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/) Jun. 7, 2004, 1 pg.
Kikuta et al. (2002/0004800) 20020100
Cowburn (2008/0002243) 20080100
Abajian et al. (2005/0038809) 20050200
Mills, D.L.: "Network Time Protocol Version 4 Reference and Implementation Guide." NTP Working Group, University of Deleware, Technical Report 06-1-1, Jun. 2006; 90 pages.
Bystrom et al. (2007/0170250) 20070700
Rabin et al. (6697948) 20040200
Haller et al. (6363363) 20020300
Albornoz et al. (2005/0210059) 20050900
Wolff et al. (2006/0010095) 20060100
Doyle et al. (2006/0136719) 20060600
Meunier et al. (6499665) 20021200
Thukral et al. (2006/0178954) 20060800
Reed et al. (6345288) 20020200
Lee, Jae-il et al., "A Model for Embedding and Authorizing Digital Signatures in Printed Documents", 2002, 14 pgs.
Volino (6400845) 20020600
Lee et al. (2004/0064833) 20040400
Takeda (2004/0177067) 20040900
Voth (6199169) 20010300
Walsh (6708281) 20040300
Lee et al. (5396622) 19950300
Kahn et al. (2006/0149558) 20060700
Abraham-Fuchs et al. (2004/0260593) 20041200
Tatavu et al. (2005/0071209) 20050300
Palliyil et al. (2007/0244920) 20071000
Hodson et al. (2008/0071646) 20080300
Piersol (2008/0059800) 20080300
Branson et al. (2003/0158944) 20030800
Miyazaki et al. (2002/0023221) 20020200
Antoshenkov (5495608) 19960200
Carpentier et al. (2004/0068652) 20040400
Brewington (2004/0117627) 20040600
Mills, D.L.: "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI." Network Working Group, University of Deleware, Obsoletes: 2030, 1769, Jan. 2006; 31 pages.
Albornoz et al. (2006/0150079) 20060700
Charnock et al. (2006/0253418) 20061100
Go (2006/0101007) 20060500
Li et al. (6631496) 20031000
Bantz et al. (2002/0120484) 20020800
Micka et al. (5592618) 19970100
Mann (2006/0139622) 20060600
(1594252) 20051100
Lang et al. (6308175) 20011000
Gupta et al. (7406487) 20080700
Schneier et al. (5956404) 19990900
Beier et al. (6065018) 20000500
Craswell et al. (2006/0230081) 20061000
Robbins (2007/0086061) 20070400
Nomura et al. (7079750) 20060700
Barone et al. (2003/0053655) 20030300
Levergood et al. (5708780) 19980100
Ternasky et al. (2005/0262243) 20051100
Ng (6640301) 20031000
Behrens et al. (6615208) 20030900
Muraski et al. (2007/0185689) 20070800
Tkachenko, "Log file in XML format", (http://www.tkachenko.com/blog/archives/000053.html) Jul. 22, 2003, pp. 1-4.
Jakobsson et al. (2003/0145207) 20030700
Kleinsmith et al. (2007/0143356) 20070600
Hurtado et al. (6418421) 20020700
Ginter et al. (5949876) 19990900
Kawamura et al. (5778388) 19980700
Hart et al. (2008/0243688) 20081000
Goldring (5613113) 19970300
Stickler (2003/0088593) 20030500
Klier (2005/0267885) 20051200
DeYoung et al. (2006/0271787) 20061100
References_xml – year: 20080300
  ident: 2008/0071646
  contributor:
    fullname: Hodson et al.
– year: 20031200
  ident: 2003/0236857
  contributor:
    fullname: Takase et al.
– year: 20050300
  ident: 6862728
  contributor:
    fullname: Darnell et al.
– year: 19960200
  ident: 5495608
  contributor:
    fullname: Antoshenkov
– year: 20021200
  ident: 6499665
  contributor:
    fullname: Meunier et al.
– year: 20030300
  ident: 2003/0053655
  contributor:
    fullname: Barone et al.
– year: 20060300
  ident: 2006/0056653
  contributor:
    fullname: Kunisa
– year: 19990900
  ident: 5956404
  contributor:
    fullname: Schneier et al.
– year: 20071000
  ident: 7278115
  contributor:
    fullname: Conway et al.
– year: 20050300
  ident: 2005/0055343
  contributor:
    fullname: Krishnamurthy
– year: 20050200
  ident: 2005/0038756
  contributor:
    fullname: Nagel
– year: 20060600
  ident: 2006/0139622
  contributor:
    fullname: Mann
– year: 19980100
  ident: 5708780
  contributor:
    fullname: Levergood et al.
– year: 20060700
  ident: 2006/0150079
  contributor:
    fullname: Albornoz et al.
– year: 20060700
  ident: 2006/0149558
  contributor:
    fullname: Kahn et al.
– year: 20060200
  ident: 1622074
– year: 20081000
  ident: 2008/0243688
  contributor:
    fullname: Hart et al.
– year: 20020300
  ident: 6360215
  contributor:
    fullname: Judd et al.
– year: 20030700
  ident: 2003/0126148
  contributor:
    fullname: Gropper et al.
– year: 20041100
  ident: 2004/0225655
  contributor:
    fullname: Moulton
– year: 20050300
  ident: 2005/0071209
  contributor:
    fullname: Tatavu et al.
– year: 20051100
  ident: 1594252
– year: 20000900
  ident: 6125368
  contributor:
    fullname: Bridge et al.
– year: 20020800
  ident: 2002/0120484
  contributor:
    fullname: Bantz et al.
– year: 20030600
  ident: 6574627
  contributor:
    fullname: Bergadano et al.
– year: 20051200
  ident: 2005/0267885
  contributor:
    fullname: Klier
– year: 20010200
  ident: 6192365
  contributor:
    fullname: Draper et al.
– year: 20060900
  ident: 2006/0218204
  contributor:
    fullname: Ofer et al.
– year: 20020600
  ident: 6400845
  contributor:
    fullname: Volino
– year: 20060600
  ident: 2006/0136719
  contributor:
    fullname: Doyle et al.
– year: 19981200
  ident: 5845292
  contributor:
    fullname: Bohannon et al.
– year: 20060800
  ident: 2006/0178954
  contributor:
    fullname: Thukral et al.
– year: 20030800
  ident: WO 03071394
– year: 19980700
  ident: 5778388
  contributor:
    fullname: Kawamura et al.
– year: 20080100
  ident: 2008/0002243
  contributor:
    fullname: Cowburn
– year: 20030100
  ident: 2003/0016980
  contributor:
    fullname: Meunier et al.
– year: 20010900
  ident: 6289356
  contributor:
    fullname: Hitz et al.
– year: 20020700
  ident: 6418421
  contributor:
    fullname: Hurtado et al.
– year: 20040400
  ident: 2004/0078337
  contributor:
    fullname: King et al.
– year: 20020100
  ident: 2002/0004800
  contributor:
    fullname: Kikuta et al.
– year: 20090100
  ident: 7478120
  contributor:
    fullname: Zhang
– year: 20020800
  ident: 2002/0116379
  contributor:
    fullname: Lee et al.
– year: 20030300
  ident: 2003/0046586
  contributor:
    fullname: Bheemarasetti et al.
– year: 19991100
  ident: 5978475
  contributor:
    fullname: Schneier et al.
– year: 20030400
  ident: 6546385
  contributor:
    fullname: Mao et al.
– year: 20080800
  ident: 7412371
  contributor:
    fullname: Fisher et al.
– year: 20030800
  ident: 2003/0158944
  contributor:
    fullname: Branson et al.
– year: 20020100
  ident: 6341316
  contributor:
    fullname: Kloba et al.
– year: 20031000
  ident: 6640301
  contributor:
    fullname: Ng
– year: 20030700
  ident: 2003/0131240
  contributor:
    fullname: Greene et al.
– year: 20030700
  ident: 2003/0126276
  contributor:
    fullname: Kime et al.
– year: 20060500
  ident: 2006/0101007
  contributor:
    fullname: Go
– year: 20010300
  ident: 6199169
  contributor:
    fullname: Voth
– year: 20060600
  ident: 2006/0129576
  contributor:
    fullname: Carpentier et al.
– year: 20050400
  ident: 2005/0091229
  contributor:
    fullname: Bali et al.
– year: 20020700
  ident: 2002/0095454
  contributor:
    fullname: Reed et al.
– year: 20070800
  ident: 2007/0185689
  contributor:
    fullname: Muraski et al.
– year: 20081100
  ident: 7454521
  contributor:
    fullname: Howell et al.
– year: 20011000
  ident: 6308175
  contributor:
    fullname: Lang et al.
– year: 20051200
  ident: 2005/0289187
  contributor:
    fullname: Wong et al.
– year: 19890200
  ident: 4809158
  contributor:
    fullname: McCauley
– year: 20040200
  ident: 2004/0030681
  contributor:
    fullname: Shannon et al.
– year: 19960300
  ident: 5500897
  contributor:
    fullname: Hartman, Jr.
– year: 19970300
  ident: 5613113
  contributor:
    fullname: Goldring
– year: 20061100
  ident: 2006/0253418
  contributor:
    fullname: Charnock et al.
– year: 20050900
  ident: 2005/0210059
  contributor:
    fullname: Albornoz et al.
– year: 20061000
  ident: 2006/0230081
  contributor:
    fullname: Craswell et al.
– year: 20040400
  ident: 2004/0064833
  contributor:
    fullname: Lee et al.
– year: 20080500
  ident: 2008/0104407
  contributor:
    fullname: Horne et al.
– year: 20030700
  ident: 2003/0145207
  contributor:
    fullname: Jakobsson et al.
– year: 20020400
  ident: 2002/0046072
  contributor:
    fullname: Arai et al.
– year: 20040400
  ident: 2004/0068652
  contributor:
    fullname: Carpentier et al.
– year: 20071000
  ident: 2007/0244920
  contributor:
    fullname: Palliyil et al.
– year: 19990900
  ident: 5949876
  contributor:
    fullname: Ginter et al.
– year: 20040300
  ident: 6708281
  contributor:
    fullname: Walsh
– year: 20060100
  ident: 2006/0010095
  contributor:
    fullname: Wolff et al.
– year: 20080700
  ident: 7401225
  contributor:
    fullname: Tanimoto et al.
– year: 20041200
  ident: 2004/0260593
  contributor:
    fullname: Abraham-Fuchs et al.
– year: 20031000
  ident: 6631469
  contributor:
    fullname: Silvester
– year: 20080700
  ident: 7406487
  contributor:
    fullname: Gupta et al.
– year: 20050500
  ident: 2005/0114709
  contributor:
    fullname: Moore
– year: 20021000
  ident: 6463427
  contributor:
    fullname: Wu
– year: 20070700
  ident: 2007/0170250
  contributor:
    fullname: Bystrom et al.
– year: 20080100
  ident: 2008/0019505
  contributor:
    fullname: Thomas
– year: 20040400
  ident: 2004/0075866
  contributor:
    fullname: Thormodsen et al.
– year: 19991200
  ident: 6009530
  contributor:
    fullname: Goatly
– year: 20000500
  ident: 6065018
  contributor:
    fullname: Beier et al.
– year: 20020300
  ident: 6363363
  contributor:
    fullname: Haller et al.
– year: 20031100
  ident: 2003/0212677
  contributor:
    fullname: Chen et al.
– year: 20030100
  ident: 2003/0021677
  contributor:
    fullname: Masutani
– year: 20031000
  ident: 6631496
  contributor:
    fullname: Li et al.
– year: 20060700
  ident: 7079750
  contributor:
    fullname: Nomura et al.
– year: 20030300
  ident: 2003/0050863
  contributor:
    fullname: Radwin
– year: 20030500
  ident: 2003/0088593
  contributor:
    fullname: Stickler
– year: 20050200
  ident: 2005/0038809
  contributor:
    fullname: Abajian et al.
– year: 20071200
  ident: 2007/0283194
  contributor:
    fullname: Villella et al.
– year: 20040200
  ident: 6697948
  contributor:
    fullname: Rabin et al.
– year: 20020500
  ident: 2002/0055942
  contributor:
    fullname: Reynolds
– year: 19970100
  ident: 5592618
  contributor:
    fullname: Micka et al.
– year: 20041200
  ident: 2004/0244039
  contributor:
    fullname: Sugahara et al.
– year: 20060500
  ident: 7054626
  contributor:
    fullname: Rossmann et al.
– year: 20101000
  ident: 7806342
  contributor:
    fullname: Lapstun et al.
– year: 20040600
  ident: 6754773
  contributor:
    fullname: Ulrich et al.
– year: 20020200
  ident: 6345288
  contributor:
    fullname: Reed et al.
– year: 20040900
  ident: 2004/0177067
  contributor:
    fullname: Takeda
– year: 19950300
  ident: 5396622
  contributor:
    fullname: Lee et al.
– year: 20030900
  ident: 6615208
  contributor:
    fullname: Behrens et al.
– year: 20061000
  ident: 2006/0225073
  contributor:
    fullname: Akagawa et al.
– year: 20070400
  ident: 7203796
  contributor:
    fullname: Muppalaneni et al.
– year: 20080300
  ident: 2008/0059800
  contributor:
    fullname: Piersol
– year: 20070600
  ident: 2007/0143356
  contributor:
    fullname: Kleinsmith et al.
– year: 20051100
  ident: 2005/0262243
  contributor:
    fullname: Ternasky et al.
– year: 20070400
  ident: 2007/0094467
  contributor:
    fullname: Yamasaki
– year: 20010500
  ident: 6236988
  contributor:
    fullname: Aldred
– year: 20030600
  ident: 6584477
  contributor:
    fullname: Mosher
– year: 20020200
  ident: 2002/0023221
  contributor:
    fullname: Miyazaki et al.
– year: 20061100
  ident: 2006/0271787
  contributor:
    fullname: DeYoung et al.
– year: 20070400
  ident: 2007/0086061
  contributor:
    fullname: Robbins
– year: 20040200
  ident: 6687696
  contributor:
    fullname: Hofmann et al.
– year: 20041100
  ident: 2004/0220975
  contributor:
    fullname: Carpentier et al.
– year: 20040600
  ident: 2004/0117627
  contributor:
    fullname: Brewington
Score 2.8155336
Snippet A method and apparatus for creating and/or using trustworthy timestamps and certifiable clocks using logs linked by cryptographic hashes. In one embodiment,...
SourceID uspatents
SourceType Open Access Repository
Title Trustworthy timestamps and certifiable clocks using logs linked by cryptographic hashes
URI https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/8006094
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1NSwMxEB3aIqgnRcX6xRy8RpdNdt2cpcsiKD1U7E02H2uLdrs0W2T_vZNUixc9BZIQhoTkZZI3bwCuRUYwzauUSSENE8mdZITrMbOEfVxzbWVI5_P4lBbP4mGaTHtQbGNhFrSNWEO2uJu1a9plIFfS8b5ZeLYRf_YagbVXH_isP5alGZvqNvPKIlL0oZ9Fnto3yot92KUh6MpWt-4XaOQHsDMOtYfQs_URvEx8eEOg5HUYUrq35aJxSK48as9uruY-jAk1wcu7Q09If0M6mRz6T1ZrUHWoVx0ZG0Sm5xpnpZtZdwyYjyb3Bdta8UodfBF9W8tPYEBevj0FjKNUVzbWpUkUoWalMqkSRXAqjDE8lkMY_jnM2T9t57D38wwa8wsYtKu1vSQcbdVVmKQvwhR_-g
link.rule.ids 230,309,783,805,888,64375
linkProvider USPTO
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3JTsMwEB2VglhOIECU1Qeuhip2QnyGRmGrciiitypeQitoGtWpUP6esQsVFzhZsi1rZMt-HvvNG4BLHiNMsyKiggtNeXgjKOJ6QA1iH1NMGeHT-Tz3o_SFPwzDYQvSVSzMFLcRrdAWe7WwVT3z5Eo83pcLT5fiz04jsHTqA5_lxyzXmS6uY6csIvgarLuvKEfu6yXpDmzhIHhpK2v7CzaSXdjIfO0etEy5D68DF-DgSXkN8Und63xaWYLOPFGO31xMXCATUQgw75Y4SvobwbPJEvfNajSRDVHzBs31MtMTRca5HRt7ACTpDW5TurJihB1c0f22lx1CG_18cwQk6EaqMIHKdSgRNwsZCxlKBFSutWaB6EDnz2GO_2m7gM3sLhk93fcfT2D75000YKfQrucLc4agWstzP19fLf2C9g
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.title=Trustworthy+timestamps+and+certifiable+clocks+using+logs+linked+by+cryptographic+hashes&rft.inventor=Savitzky%2C+Stephen&rft.inventor=Piersol%2C+Kurt&rft.number=8006094&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=08006094