Reevaluation of florigen transport kinetics with separation of function mutations that uncouple flowering initiation and long-distance transport
In many plants, timing of flowering is regulated by day length. In Arabidopsis, florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, is synthesized in leaf phloem companion cells in response to long days and is transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) through the phloem. The temporal aspects of florigen...
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Published in | Plant and cell physiology |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Japan
19.03.2018
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Abstract | In many plants, timing of flowering is regulated by day length. In Arabidopsis, florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, is synthesized in leaf phloem companion cells in response to long days and is transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) through the phloem. The temporal aspects of florigen transportation have been studied in various plants by physiological experiments. Nevertheless, little is known how FT protein transportation is regulated in Arabidopsis. In this study, we performed heat-shock based transient FT induction in a single leaf blade and detected the FT protein in shoot apex by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). We demonstrated that detectable amounts of FT were transported from the leaf to shoot apex within 8 h, and subsequent FT-induced target gene expression was detected within 8-12 h. Furthermore, we identified three amino acid residues (V70, S76 and R83) where missense mutations led to reduced mobility. Interestingly, these FT variants lost only their transportation ability, but retained their flowering promotion capacity, suggesting that discrete amino acids are involved in flowering regulation and transport regulation. Since the interaction with FT-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (FTIP1) was not affected in these FT variants, we hypothesize that the three amino acid residues are not involved in the FTIP1-mediated pathway of uploading, but rather in the subsequent step(s) of FT transport. |
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AbstractList | In many plants, timing of flowering is regulated by day length. In Arabidopsis, florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, is synthesized in leaf phloem companion cells in response to long days and is transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) through the phloem. The temporal aspects of florigen transportation have been studied in various plants by physiological experiments. Nevertheless, little is known how FT protein transportation is regulated in Arabidopsis. In this study, we performed heat-shock based transient FT induction in a single leaf blade and detected the FT protein in shoot apex by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). We demonstrated that detectable amounts of FT were transported from the leaf to shoot apex within 8 h, and subsequent FT-induced target gene expression was detected within 8-12 h. Furthermore, we identified three amino acid residues (V70, S76 and R83) where missense mutations led to reduced mobility. Interestingly, these FT variants lost only their transportation ability, but retained their flowering promotion capacity, suggesting that discrete amino acids are involved in flowering regulation and transport regulation. Since the interaction with FT-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (FTIP1) was not affected in these FT variants, we hypothesize that the three amino acid residues are not involved in the FTIP1-mediated pathway of uploading, but rather in the subsequent step(s) of FT transport. |
Author | Negishi, Katsuya Araki, Takashi Daimon, Yasufumi Endo, Motomu Notaguchi, Michitaka Yoshida, Masayasu Kurotani, Ken-Ichi Abe, Mitsutomo Horikawa, Kobo Sasaki, Youhei |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Motomu surname: Endo fullname: Endo, Motomu organization: Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan – sequence: 2 givenname: Masayasu surname: Yoshida fullname: Yoshida, Masayasu organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 3 givenname: Youhei surname: Sasaki fullname: Sasaki, Youhei organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 4 givenname: Katsuya surname: Negishi fullname: Negishi, Katsuya organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 5 givenname: Kobo surname: Horikawa fullname: Horikawa, Kobo organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 6 givenname: Yasufumi surname: Daimon fullname: Daimon, Yasufumi organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 7 givenname: Ken-Ichi surname: Kurotani fullname: Kurotani, Ken-Ichi organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 8 givenname: Michitaka surname: Notaguchi fullname: Notaguchi, Michitaka organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan – sequence: 9 givenname: Mitsutomo surname: Abe fullname: Abe, Mitsutomo organization: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan – sequence: 10 givenname: Takashi surname: Araki fullname: Araki, Takashi organization: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan |
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Title | Reevaluation of florigen transport kinetics with separation of function mutations that uncouple flowering initiation and long-distance transport |
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