Gene map of the extended humanMHC
Key PointsThe gene map for the extended major histocompatibility complex (xMHC) comprises 421 loci (excluding RNA genes) in a sequence length of 7.6 Mb — extending the previous gene map of the classical MHC, which was 3.6 Mb long and contained 224 loci.All 421 xMHC loci have been assigned definitive...
Saved in:
Published in | Nature reviews. Genetics Vol. 5; no. 12; pp. 889 - 899 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group
01.12.2004
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Key PointsThe gene map for the extended major histocompatibility complex (xMHC) comprises 421 loci (excluding RNA genes) in a sequence length of 7.6 Mb — extending the previous gene map of the classical MHC, which was 3.6 Mb long and contained 224 loci.All 421 xMHC loci have been assigned definitive and approved gene symbols.About 50% of the xMHC gene loci are present in clusters or superclusters that are not restricted only to immune genes. The two largest clusters, comprising histone and tRNA genes are the largest of their type in the genome.Transcription hotspot analysis indicates that it is just as likely that the classical MHC is hitch-hiking with gene clusters of the xMHC as the reverse.About 22% of the expressed xMHC genes show a higher than average number of non-synonymous coding polymorphisms.About 28% of the xMHC genes can be associated with immune system function.About 10% of the xMHC genes are currently known to be disease-causing or disease-associated.About 20% of the xMHC genes have putative paralogues elsewhere in the genome, indicating considerable potential for functional redundancy.The gene map of the xMHC provides an invaluable resource for the study of the most important genetic region of the human genome in relation to infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most important region in the vertebrate genome with respect to infection and autoimmunity, and is crucial in adaptive and innate immunity. Decades of biomedical research have revealed many MHC genes that are duplicated, polymorphic and associated with more diseases than any other region of the human genome. The recent completion of several large-scale studies offers the opportunity to assimilate the latest data into an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC. Here, we present this map and review its content in relation to paralogy, polymorphism, immune function and disease.The gene map of the xMHC is also available as a poster, which accompanies this issue and is available at http://www.nature.com/nrg/posters/mhcmap/index.html. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Key PointsThe gene map for the extended major histocompatibility complex (xMHC) comprises 421 loci (excluding RNA genes) in a sequence length of 7.6 Mb — extending the previous gene map of the classical MHC, which was 3.6 Mb long and contained 224 loci.All 421 xMHC loci have been assigned definitive and approved gene symbols.About 50% of the xMHC gene loci are present in clusters or superclusters that are not restricted only to immune genes. The two largest clusters, comprising histone and tRNA genes are the largest of their type in the genome.Transcription hotspot analysis indicates that it is just as likely that the classical MHC is hitch-hiking with gene clusters of the xMHC as the reverse.About 22% of the expressed xMHC genes show a higher than average number of non-synonymous coding polymorphisms.About 28% of the xMHC genes can be associated with immune system function.About 10% of the xMHC genes are currently known to be disease-causing or disease-associated.About 20% of the xMHC genes have putative paralogues elsewhere in the genome, indicating considerable potential for functional redundancy.The gene map of the xMHC provides an invaluable resource for the study of the most important genetic region of the human genome in relation to infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most important region in the vertebrate genome with respect to infection and autoimmunity, and is crucial in adaptive and innate immunity. Decades of biomedical research have revealed many MHC genes that are duplicated, polymorphic and associated with more diseases than any other region of the human genome. The recent completion of several large-scale studies offers the opportunity to assimilate the latest data into an integrated gene map of the extended human MHC. Here, we present this map and review its content in relation to paralogy, polymorphism, immune function and disease.The gene map of the xMHC is also available as a poster, which accompanies this issue and is available at http://www.nature.com/nrg/posters/mhcmap/index.html. |
Author | Lush, Michael J Wright, Mathew W Ziegler, Andreas Horton, Roger Khodiyar, Varsha K Beck, Stephan Rand, Vikki Povey, Sue Trowsdale, John Wain, Hester M Bruford, Elspeth A Wilming, Laurens Lovering, Ruth C Talbot, C. Conover |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Roger surname: Horton fullname: Horton, Roger – sequence: 2 givenname: Laurens surname: Wilming fullname: Wilming, Laurens – sequence: 3 givenname: Vikki surname: Rand fullname: Rand, Vikki – sequence: 4 givenname: Ruth C surname: Lovering fullname: Lovering, Ruth C – sequence: 5 givenname: Elspeth A surname: Bruford fullname: Bruford, Elspeth A – sequence: 6 givenname: Varsha K surname: Khodiyar fullname: Khodiyar, Varsha K – sequence: 7 givenname: Michael J surname: Lush fullname: Lush, Michael J – sequence: 8 givenname: Sue surname: Povey fullname: Povey, Sue – sequence: 9 givenname: C. Conover surname: Talbot fullname: Talbot, C. Conover – sequence: 10 givenname: Mathew W surname: Wright fullname: Wright, Mathew W – sequence: 11 givenname: Hester M surname: Wain fullname: Wain, Hester M – sequence: 12 givenname: John surname: Trowsdale fullname: Trowsdale, John – sequence: 13 givenname: Andreas surname: Ziegler fullname: Ziegler, Andreas – sequence: 14 givenname: Stephan surname: Beck fullname: Beck, Stephan |
BookMark | eNqNisEKgkAUAB9hkFb0CxudrffazbWzVF66dRfBZyK5a64LfX4donOnGZiJIDDWMMCKcEso050Z7qTS4wRCUppixEQFPz8kM4icaxEpIS1DWF_YsOjKXthajA0Lfo1sKq5E47vSXPNsAdO6fDhefjmHzfl0y_K4H-zTsxuL1vrBfFIhUau9lKlG-d_1BlfsM0o |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Springer Nature Limited 2004. corrected publication 2024. |
Copyright_xml | – notice: Springer Nature Limited 2004. corrected publication 2024. |
DBID | 3V. 7QP 7QR 7RV 7TK 7TM 7X7 7XB 88A 88E 8AO 8C1 8FD 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI CCPQU DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ HCIFZ K9. KB0 LK8 M0S M1P M7P NAPCQ P64 PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS RC3 |
DOI | 10.1038/nrg1489 |
DatabaseName | ProQuest Central (Corporate) Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Chemoreception Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Database (ProQuest) Neurosciences Abstracts Nucleic Acids Abstracts Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Biology Database (Alumni Edition) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Pharma Collection Public Health Database (Proquest) Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Biological Science Collection Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition) Medical Database Biological Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Genetics Abstracts |
DatabaseTitle | ProQuest Central Student Technology Research Database ProQuest Central Essentials Nucleic Acids Abstracts ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Pharma Collection ProQuest Central China ProQuest Biology Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Genetics Abstracts Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Biological Science Collection Chemoreception Abstracts ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Public Health ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest SciTech Collection Neurosciences Abstracts ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts ProQuest Central (Alumni) |
DatabaseTitleList | ProQuest Central Student |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Biology |
EISSN | 1471-0064 |
EndPage | 899 |
GroupedDBID | --- -DZ .55 0R~ 123 29M 36B 39C 3V. 4.4 53G 70F 7QP 7QR 7RV 7TK 7TM 7X7 7XB 88A 88E 8AO 8C1 8FD 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK 8R4 8R5 AAEEF AARCD AAYZH ABAWZ ABDBF ABJNI ABLJU ABUWG ACGFS ACIWK ACPRK ADBBV AENEX AFFNX AFKRA AFSHS AGAYW AGEZK AGHTU AHBCP AHMBA AHSBF ALFFA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASPBG AVWKF AXYYD AZFZN AZQEC B0M BBNVY BENPR BHPHI BKEYQ BKKNO BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CS3 DB5 DU5 DWQXO EAD EAP EBS EJD EMB EMK EMOBN EPL ESX EX3 EXGXG F5P FEDTE FQGFK FR3 FSGXE FYUFA GNUQQ HCIFZ HMCUK HVGLF HZ~ IAO IGS IHR IHW INH INR ISR ITC K9. LK8 M0L M1P M7P N9A NAPCQ O9- P64 PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PROAC PSQYO Q2X RC3 RIG RNR RNS RNT RNTTT SNYQT SV3 TAOOD TBHMF TDRGL TSG TUS UKHRP WOW X7M ~8M |
ID | FETCH-proquest_journals_30742338703 |
IEDL.DBID | 8C1 |
ISSN | 1471-0056 |
IngestDate | Mon Nov 04 11:18:20 EST 2024 |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 12 |
Language | English |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-proquest_journals_30742338703 |
PQID | 3074233870 |
PQPubID | 44267 |
ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_3074233870 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 20041201 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2004-12-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 12 year: 2004 text: 20041201 day: 01 |
PublicationDecade | 2000 |
PublicationPlace | London |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: London |
PublicationTitle | Nature reviews. Genetics |
PublicationYear | 2004 |
Publisher | Nature Publishing Group |
Publisher_xml | – name: Nature Publishing Group |
SSID | ssj0016173 |
Score | 3.5965834 |
Snippet | Key PointsThe gene map for the extended major histocompatibility complex (xMHC) comprises 421 loci (excluding RNA genes) in a sequence length of 7.6 Mb —... |
SourceID | proquest |
SourceType | Aggregation Database |
StartPage | 889 |
SubjectTerms | Autoimmune diseases Autoimmunity Disease Gene clusters Gene duplication Gene loci Gene polymorphism Genomes Genomic analysis Histones Immune response Innate immunity Major histocompatibility complex Medical research Nucleotide sequence Research hot spots tRNA |
Title | Gene map of the extended humanMHC |
URI | https://www.proquest.com/docview/3074233870 |
Volume | 5 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwY2BQMUwzM0w1MkzTTbO0MNY1MTNJ001MS03STUtMM04CpoCkJPCJN75-Zh6hJl4RphHQAbdi6LJKWJkILqhT8pNBY-T6xqBOHLA_ZW5gX1CoC7o1CjS7Cr1Cg5mB1RBU0YF2ijvDl3iAmu7gBfbAAlgXdOYlZNMs6Ehw_byidGBHwBKjBAZXK26CDPzQ9qCCIyQChRiYUvOEGdghN0RWijAogo6FVshNLFDIT1MAttUUYIPWCuDL9Xw9nEUZlN1cQ5w9dGE2xEOTR3E8wjPGYgwswH5-qgSDArBpY5kIbL9ZJIEP5wRm_6TktORkY2Mj02SLtEQDSQYZfCZJ4ZeWZuCCnVFoYCjDwFJSVJoqC6xPS5LkGJjNI8zlwEEnx8Dq6OTi5AaknVz9AoIAAfR7ew |
link.rule.ids | 314,780,784,12056,12223,21388,27924,27925,31719,33266,33744,43310,43579,43805,73745,74014,74302 |
linkProvider | ProQuest |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwY2BQMUwzM0w1MkzTTbO0MNY1MTNJ001MS03STUtMM04CpoCkJPCJN75-Zh6hJl4RphHQAbdi6LJKWJkILqhT8pNBY-T6xqBOHLA_ZW5gX1CoC7o1CjS7Cr1Cg5mBFVjtm4NStYUzfIkHqOkOXmAPLIB1QWdeQjbNgo4E188rSgd2BCwxSmBwteImyMAPbQ8qOEIiUIiBKTVPmIEdckNkpQiDIuhYaIXcxAKF_DQFYFtNATZorQC-XM_Xw1mUQdnNNcTZQxdmQzw0eRTHIzxjLMbAAuznp0owKACbNpaJwPabRRL4cE5g9k9KTktONjY2Mk22SEs0kGSQwWeSFH5peQZOjxBfn3gfTz9vaQYu2HmFBoYyDCwlRaWpssC6tSRJDhyAAGm8eoQ |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwY2BQMUwzM0w1MkzTTbO0MNY1MTNJ001MS03STUtMM04CpoCkJPCJN75-Zh6hJl4RphHQ9U_F0GWVsDIRXFCn5CeDxsj1jUGdOGB_ytxAPw26LCLAxc2-oFAXdIMUaKYVep0GMwMr6JY50Dn6Fs7w5R6gZjx4sT2wMNYFnX8J2UALOh5cP68oHdgpsMQojcFVjJsgAz-0bajgCIlMIQam1DxhBnbIbZGVIgyKoCOiFXITCxTy0xSA7TYF2AC2AviiPV8PZ1EGZTfXEGcPXZgN8dCkUhyP8JixGAMLsM-fKsGgAGzmWCYC23IWSeCDOoFFQVJyWnKysbGRabJFWqKBJIMMPpOk8EvLM3AAwy7ex9PPW5qBC3Z0oYGhDANLSVFpqiywmi1JkgOHHwCQEH6p |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gene+map+of+the+extended+humanMHC&rft.jtitle=Nature+reviews.+Genetics&rft.au=Horton%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilming%2C+Laurens&rft.au=Rand%2C+Vikki&rft.au=Lovering%2C+Ruth+C&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.issn=1471-0056&rft.eissn=1471-0064&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=889&rft.epage=899&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnrg1489&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1471-0056&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1471-0056&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1471-0056&client=summon |