시베리아 바이칼 지역의 신석기시대 무덤유적의 특징 : 후기 신석기시대에서 초기 청동기시대로의 전환

• Published in: 백산학보, 0(85) pp. 5 - 23
• Main Author: 방민규
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Korean
• Published: 백산학회 01.12.2009
• Subjects: 역사학
• ISSN: 1225-7109

The Lake Baikal area of Eastern Siberia is the only region in the entire magnitude of Northern Asia where several hundred Neolithic and Bronze Age graves have been found and excavated. And, concequently, it is not accidental that first Stone Age cemetery investigated in Russia was the one excavated in 1880-1881 by Vitkovskii N.I. on the left bank of the Angara at the mouth of the Kiyoi river. To date, within the basins of the Angara, Upper Lena. Lower Selenga, Lower Vitim, and on the coast of Lake Baikal there are about 145 archaeological sites with registered cemeteries or individual graves. This paper provides a general survey of Neolithic developments from the Lake Baikal area of Eastern Siberia with a focus on mortuary materials. Differences in mortuary ritual, grave architecture, and grave inclusions differentiate Early and Late Neolithic culture groups. The Early Neolithic cemetery Lokomotiv and the Late Neolithic cemetery Ust’-Ida are described in more detail as examples of general trends. At Lokomotiv the grave goods are usually found in concentrations and include artifacts associated with fishing or hunting, weapons, various implrments of daily use, ornaments, sculptures. lithiic blanks and pieces of raw material. Graves bottoms, human remains and grave goods are all covered in ochre. Preservation of the archaeological and osteological material. In sum, the Lokomotiv cemetery displays particularly well several characteristics of the Earlt Neolithic mortuary ritual that are either less frequent or extremely rare at other Early Neolithic grave sites in the Baikal region. These include the toe-to-head body position in multiple graves, communal graves, large number of burials without skills, and unique human osteological material. Mortuary assemblages of the Late Neolithic age in the Baikal region are best illustrated by the materials from the Ust’-Ida site. At Ust’-Ida grave goods occur at the burial level either in small concentrationa or individually. Ritual features are represented by pits excavated from the level of the reddish-brown silt and reaching depths of 0.5-0.7m. The pits are filled with fragments of dolomite slabs, cobbles and charcoal-saturated sediment. Based on grave-No.26 C14 dates obtained by GIN Laboratory the noncalibrated dates of the Lake Neolithic graves at range from 4500-5200 years BP. The newly excavated archaeological material from the Late Neolithic graves at Ust’-Ida marked a twofold increase in the volume of the existing sources on the Isakovo group of graves, revealed a number of earier unknown aspects of the Isakovo mortuary rutual, and also helped to define better the place of the Isakovo group in the Neolithic of the Baikal region. From the Early Bronze Age, grave goods start to include copper or bronze items, disks and rings made of white nephrite, axes, new forms of arrow points, peculiar small art and others. This evidence more likely supports a complate replacement of the loacl population rather than a genetic continuity. The correlation between materials from grave and habitation sites has always been difficult because of the uniquenese of the mortuaty assemblages, however, the issue will be soon solved. The Lake Baikal area of Eastern Siberia is the only region in the entire magnitude of Northern Asia where several hundred Neolithic and Bronze Age graves have been found and excavated. And, concequently, it is not accidental that first Stone Age cemetery investigated in Russia was the one excavated in 1880-1881 by Vitkovskii N.I. on the left bank of the Angara at the mouth of the Kiyoi river. To date, within the basins of the Angara, Upper Lena. Lower Selenga, Lower Vitim, and on the coast of Lake Baikal there are about 145 archaeological sites with registered cemeteries or individual graves. This paper provides a general survey of Neolithic developments from the Lake Baikal area of Eastern Siberia with a focus on mortuary materials. Differences in mortuary ritual, grave architecture, and grave inclusions differentiate Early and Late Neolithic culture groups. The Early Neolithic cemetery Lokomotiv and the Late Neolithic cemetery Ust’-Ida are described in more detail as examples of general trends. At Lokomotiv the grave goods are usually found in concentrations and include artifacts associated with fishing or hunting, weapons, various implrments of daily use, ornaments, sculptures. lithiic blanks and pieces of raw material. Graves bottoms, human remains and grave goods are all covered in ochre. Preservation of the archaeological and osteological material. In sum, the Lokomotiv cemetery displays particularly well several characteristics of the Earlt Neolithic mortuary ritual that are either less frequent or extremely rare at other Early Neolithic grave sites in the Baikal region. These include the toe-to-head body position in multiple graves, communal graves, large number of burials without skills, and unique human osteological material. Mortuary assemblages of the Late Neolithic age in the Baikal region are best illustrated by the materials from the Ust’-Ida site. At Ust’-Ida grave goods occur at the burial level either in small concentrationa or individually. Ritual features are represented by pits excavated from the level of the reddish-brown silt and reaching depths of 0.5-0.7m. The pits are filled with fragments of dolomite slabs, cobbles and charcoal-saturated sediment. Based on grave-No.26 C14 dates obtained by GIN Laboratory the noncalibrated dates of the Lake Neolithic graves at range from 4500-5200 years BP. The newly excavated archaeological material from the Late Neolithic graves at Ust’-Ida marked a twofold increase in the volume of the existing sources on the Isakovo group of graves, revealed a number of earier unknown aspects of the Isakovo mortuary rutual, and also helped to define better the place of the Isakovo group in the Neolithic of the Baikal region. From the Early Bronze Age, grave goods start to include copper or bronze items, disks and rings made of white nephrite, axes, new forms of arrow points, peculiar small art and others. This evidence more likely supports a complate replacement of the loacl population rather than a genetic continuity. The correlation between materials from grave and habitation sites has always been difficult because of the uniquenese of the mortuaty assemblages, however, the issue will be soon solved. KCI Citation Count: 1