INPP4B overexpression and c‐KIT downregulation in human achalasia

• Published in: Neurogastroenterology and motility Vol. 30; no. 9; pp. e13346 - n/a
• Main Authors: Bonora, E., Bianco, F., Stanzani, A., Giancola, F., Astolfi, A., Indio, V., Evangelisti, C., Martelli, A. M., Boschetti, E., Lugaresi, M., Ioannou, A., Torresan, F., Stanghellini, V., Clavenzani, P., Seri, M., Moonen, A., Van Beek, K., Wouters, M., Boeckxstaens, G. E., Zaninotto, G., Mattioli, S., De Giorgio, R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.09.2018
• Subjects: Achalasia; AKT protein; Biopsy; Cancer; cell signaling; Connective tissue growth factor; CYR61 protein; c‐KIT; Data processing; EGR-1 protein; Esophageal cancer; Esophageal sphincter; Esophagus; Gene expression; Immunohistochemistry; INPP4B; Interstitial cells; Interstitial cells of Cajal; Peristalsis; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Sphincter; Stomach; Surgery; transcriptome; Western blotting; INPP4B; achalasia; c-KIT; transcriptome; cell signaling
• ISSN: 1350-1925; 1365-2982; 1365-2982
• DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13346

Background Achalasia is a rare motility disorder characterized by myenteric neuron and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) abnormalities leading to deranged/absent peristalsis and lack of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. The mechanisms contributing to neuronal and ICC changes in achalasia are only partially understood. Our goal was to identify novel molecular features occurring in patients with primary achalasia. Methods Esophageal full‐thickness biopsies from 42 (22 females; age range: 16‐82 years) clinically, radiologically, and manometrically characterized patients with primary achalasia were examined and compared to those obtained from 10 subjects (controls) undergoing surgery for uncomplicated esophageal cancer (or upper stomach disorders). Tissue RNA extracted from biopsies of cases and controls was used for library preparation and sequencing. Data analysis was performed with the “edgeR” option of R‐Bioconductor. Data were validated by real‐time RT‐PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Key Results Quantitative transcriptome evaluation and cluster analysis revealed 111 differentially expressed genes, with a P ≤ 10−3. Nine genes with a P ≤ 10−4 were further validated. CYR61, CTGF, c‐KIT, DUSP5, EGR1 were downregulated, whereas AKAP6 and INPP4B were upregulated in patients vs controls. Compared to controls, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a clear increase in INPP4B, whereas c‐KIT immunolabeling resulted downregulated. As INPP4B regulates Akt pathway, we used western blot to show that phospho‐Akt was significantly reduced in achalasia patients vs controls. Conclusions & Inferences The identification of altered gene expression, including INPP4B, a regulator of the Akt pathway, highlights novel signaling pathways involved in the neuronal and ICC changes underlying primary achalasia. Primary achalasia is a disorder due to neuronal defects supplying the esophagus leading to altered peristalsis and lack of sphincter relaxation. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in this condition are poorly understood. Transcriptomic analysis of achalasic tissues identified a dysregulated expression of different genes, in particular c‐KIT (downregulated) and INPP4B (upregulated), the latter being linked to Akt pathway regulation. Our results unravel novel signaling pathways involved in the neuronal and interstitial cells of Cajal abnormalities in primary achalasia.